LANGUAGE, POWER & IDENTITY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

LANGUAGE, POWER and IDENTITY - Essay Example Hence, turning into the language of International Business, Diplomacy and Science. It has to be sure joined world on a typical stage, filling in as the worldwide language (NORTON, 2000). In any case, English is spoken and composed distinctively by various individuals, everywhere throughout the world. The way that one language is broadened owes to the effect of minor ideological, social and semantic contrasts among human social orders and networks. Various social orders and networks have their own â€Å"Standard English† which is reliant of their way of life, emphasize, renown and societal position. Variations of such are purportedly watched and seen. National uprightness and personality are the main impetuses of such variations. This has driven the world to move to the correspondence disorder, as one explicit language same in setting, emphasize and composed arrangement neglects to exist. The educational plan for National Curriculum for English is in conversation and discussion since the 1980’s (WARDHAUGH, 2002). Standard English isn't a language in any significant sense (FAIRCLOUGH, 2001). It's anything but a style, highlight, language or register yet by many is proposed to be a lingo, which in increasingly explicit term is an assortment of tongue all the more ordinarily utilized. There is no particular foundation or record of where it is from. Standard English is related with power, discipline and conventional, good and social request. Standard English has conversational just as formal variations. Movement of networks, throws, race and social orders changed the substance of the local English Language of the Britain. The Anglos, Saxons and Jutes are significantly liable for one such variation. Accordingly, Standard English is taken to be the blend of various etymological highlights of complement, style and arthrography of a culture and network advancing effect on the language. Locally, English is spoken in United States, Canada, South Africa, Australia

50 Great Argumentative Essay Topics for Any Assignment

50 Great Argumentative Essay Topics for Any Assignment SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Sooner or later, you’re going to be approached to compose a pugnacious article. A factious exposition is actually what it seems like-a paper wherein you’ll be making a contention, utilizing models and research to back up your point. In any case, not all contentious article themes are made equivalent. In addition to the fact that you have to structure your exposition option to goodly affect the peruser, yet even your decision of subject can affect how perusers feel about your work. In this article, we’ll spread the essentials of composing factious expositions, including what contentious papers are, the way to compose a decent one, and how to pick a subject that functions for you. At that point look at a rundown of contentious paper thoughts to assist you with beginning. What Is an Argumentative Essay? A pugnacious exposition is one that makes a contention through research. These articles take a position and bolster it through proof, be that as it may, in contrast to numerous different sorts of expositions, they are keen on communicating a particular contention upheld by research and proof. A decent factious exposition will be founded on set up or new research instead of just on your considerations and emotions. Envision that you’re attempting to get your folks to raise your recompense, and you can offer one of two contentions in support of you: You should raise my stipend since I need you to. You should raise my recompense on the grounds that I’ve been taking on more tasks without whining. The first contention is based completely in quite a while with no real reinforcement, though the second depends on proof that can be demonstrated. Your folks are bound to react emphatically to the second contention since it shows that you have planned something for win the expanded remittance. So also, an all around inquired about and contemplated contention will show perusers that your point has a premise truth be told, not simply emotions. The standard five-section article is regular recorded as a hard copy pugnacious expositions, however it’s not by any means the only method to keep in touch with one. A pugnacious article is normally written in one of two arrangements, the Toulmin model or the Rogerian model. The Toulmin model is the most widely recognized, involved a presentation with a case (also called a postulation), with information to help it. This style of article will likewise incorporate answers, assisting with reinforcing your contention by foreseeing counterarguments. The Rogerian model investigates different sides of a contention and arrives at a resolution in the wake of gauging the qualities and shortcomings of each. Both article styles depend on very much contemplated rationale and supporting proof to demonstrate a point, just in two distinct ways. The significant thing to note about factious articles instead of different sorts of papers is that they intend to contend a particular point as opposed to disclose something or to recount to a story. While they may share a few things practically speaking with explanatory articles, the essential contrast is in their goal a pugnacious paper intends to persuade somebody regarding something, though an investigative exposition contextualizes a point with look into. On the off chance that all works out positively, your paper could be in a book this way! What Makes a Good Argumentative Essay? To compose a powerful contentious paper, you have to comprehend what a decent one resembles. Notwithstanding a strong structure, you’ll need a contention, a solid proposal, and strong research. An Argument In contrast to different types of papers, you are attempting to persuade your peruser of something. You’re not simply showing them an idea or exhibiting a thought you’re building a contention to change the readers’ thinking. You’ll need to build up a decent contention, which envelops your central matter, yet in addition all the pieces that make it up. Think past what you are stating and incorporate how you’re saying it. In what manner will you take a thought and transform it into an unpredictable and all around considered contention that is equipped for changing somebody’s mind? A Strong Thesis The proposal is the center of your contention. What explicit message would you say you are attempting to get over? Express that message in one sentence, and that will be your proposition. This is the establishment on which your exposition is assembled, so it should be solid and all around contemplated. You should have the option to develop it with realities and sources, not simply sentiments. Research A decent factious exposition isn’t simply dependent on your individual contemplations, however inquire about. That can be refering to sources and different contentions or it can mean direct research in the field, contingent upon what your contention is and the setting where you are contending it. Be set up to back your postulation up with revealing from logical diaries, papers, or different types of research. Having all around inquired about sources will help bolster your contention superior to noise or presumptions. In the event that you can’t discover enough research to back up your point, it’s worth rethinking your proposition or directing unique research, if conceivable. Instructions to Come Up With an Argumentative Essay Topic Now and again you may get yourself contending things you don’t essentially accept. That’s thoroughly fine-you don’t really need to wholeheartedly put stock in what you’re contending so as to build a convincing contention. In any case, on the off chance that you have free decision of point, it’s a smart thought to pick something you feel firmly about. There are two key segments to a decent contentious paper: a solid position, and a collection of proof. In the event that you’re intrigued and feel enthusiastic about the subject you choose,you'll have a simpler time findingevidence to supportit, yet the proof's generally significant. Thus, to pick a subject, consider things you feel unequivocally about, regardless of whether emphatically or adversely. You can make a rundown of thoughts and tight those down to a bunch of things, at that point develop those thoughts with a couple of potential focuses you need to hit on. For instance, say you’re attempting to choose whether you ought to expound on how your neighborhood should boycott weed executioner, that your school’s lunch ought to be free for all understudies, or that the school day ought to be cut by 60 minutes. To choose these thoughts, you can make a rundown of three to five focuses for every that spread the distinctive proof you could use to help each point. For the weed executioner boycott, you could state that weed executioner has been demonstrated to impactsly affect honey bees, that there are straightforward, characteristic other options, and that weeds aren’t in reality terrible to have around. For the free lunch thought, you could recommend that a few understudies need to go hungry in light of the fact that they can’t manage the cost of lunch, that assets could be occupied from different spots to help free lunch, and that different things, similar to chips or pizza, could be offered to help make up lost income. Furthermore, for the school day length model, you could contend that young people for the most part don’t get enough rest, that you have an excessive amount of schoolwork and not sufficient opportunity to do it, and that youngsters don’t invest enough energy with their families. You may discover as you make these rundowns that some of them are more grounded than others. The more proof you have and the more grounded you feel that that proof is, the better the point. Obviously, in the event that you feel that one theme may have more proof however you’d rather not expound on it, it’s alright to pickanother subject. When you’re making contentions, it tends to be a lot simpler to discover solid focuses and proof in the event that you feel enthusiastic aboutour point than if you don't. 50 Argumentative Essay Topic Ideas On the off chance that you’re battling to think of subjects all alone, read through this rundown of factious paper points to help kick you off! Science Ought to fracking be legitimate? Should guardians have the option to alter their unborn kids? Do GMOs help or mischief individuals? Should inoculations be required for understudies to go to government funded school? Should world governments engage in tending to environmental change? Innovation Ought to Facebook be permitted to gather information from its clients? Should self-driving vehicles be lawful? Is it moral to supplant human laborers with mechanization? Ought to there be laws against utilizing mobile phones while driving? Has the web emphatically or adversely affected human culture? Sports Should school competitors be paid for being on sports groups? Should mentors and players make a similar measure of cash? Should sports be isolated by sexual orientation? Should the idea of assigned hitters in baseball be nullified? Would it be a good idea for us to sports pay attention to soccer more? Religion Should strict associations need to make good on charges? Should strict clubs be permitted in schools? Ought to â€Å"one country under God† be in the vow of loyalty? Should religion be instructed in schools? Should church be permitted to wed? Wellbeing Should minors have the option to buy contraception without parental assent? Should the US change to single-payer medicinal services? Should helped self destruction be lawful? Should dietary enhancements and weight reduction things like teas be permitted to promote through influencers? Should specialists be permitted to advance meds? Government/Politics Is the constituent school a viable framework for current America? Ought to Puerto Rico become a state? Should voter enlistment be programmed? Should individuals in jail be permitted to cast a ballot? Should Supreme Court judges be chosen? Morals Should sex work be legitimized? Should Columbus Day be supplanted with Indigenous Peoples’ Day? Should capital punishment be lawful? Should creature testing be permitted? Should sedate belonging be decriminalized? Financial Should unpaid entry level positions be legitimate? Should the lowest pay permitted by law be expanded? Should imposing business models be permitted? Is all inclusive fundamental salary a smart thought? Should partnerships have a sequential expense rate? Instruction Are school outfits a smart thought? Should PE influence a studentâ

An Overview of Sigmund Freuds Theories

An Overview of Sigmund Freuds Theories   More in Psychology History and Biographies Psychotherapy Basics Student Resources Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming In This Article Table of Contents Expand Talk Therapy Personality Driving Forces The Psyche Psychosexual Development Dream Analysis Defense Mechanisms Contemporary Views If you are even the most casual student of psychology, then you have probably spent a fair amount of time learning about Sigmund Freuds theories. Even people who are relatively unfamiliar with psychology as a subject have at least some awareness of psychoanalysis, the school of thought created by Sigmund Freud. While you may have some passing knowledge of key concepts in psychoanalysis like the unconscious, fixations, defense mechanisms, and dream symbolism, you might wonder exactly how these ideas fit in together and what influence they really have on contemporary psychologists. In this brief overview of Freudian theory, learn more about some of the major ideas proposed by Sigmund Freud. Talk Therapy One of Freuds greatest contributions to psychology was talk therapy, the notion that simply talking about our problems can help alleviate them. It was through his association with his close friend and colleague Josef Breuer that Freud became aware of a woman known in the case history as Anna O. The young womans real name was Bertha Pappenheim and she became a patient of Breuers after suffering a bout of what was then known as hysteria, the symptoms of which included such things as blurred vision, hallucinations, and partial paralysis. It was during her treatment that Breuer observed that discussing her experiences seemed to provide some degree of relief from her symptoms. It was Pappenheim herself who began referring to the treatment as the talking cure. While Anna O is often described as one of Freuds patients, the two never actually met. Freud often discussed her case with Breuer, however, and the two collaborated on an 1895 book based on her treatment titled Studies in Hysteria. Freud concluded that her hysteria was the result of childhood sexual abuse, a view that ended up leading to a rift in Freud and Breuers professional and personal relationship. Anna O may not have actually been Freuds patient, but her case informed much of Freuds work and later theories on therapy and psychoanalysis. Personality Driving Forces According to Freud psychoanalytic theory, all psychic energy is generated by the libido. Freud suggested that our mental states were influenced by two competing forces: cathexis and anticathexis. Cathexis was described as an investment of mental energy in a person, an idea or an object. If you are hungry, for example, you might create a mental image of a delicious meal that you have been craving. In other cases, the ego might harness some of the ids energy to seek out activities that are related to the activity in order to disperse some of the excess energy from the id. If you cant actually seek out food to appease your hunger, you might instead thumb through a cookbook or browse through your favorite recipe blog. Anticathexis involves the ego blocking the socially unacceptable needs of the id. Repressing urges and desires is one common form of anticathexis, but it involves a significant investment of energy. Remember, according to Freuds theory, there is only so much libidinal energy available. When a lot of this energy is being devoted to suppressing urges via anticathexis, there is less energy available for other processes. Freud also believed that much of human behavior was motivated by two driving instincts: the life instincts and death instincts. The life instincts are those that relate to a basic need for survival, reproduction, and pleasure. They include such things as the need for food, shelter, love, and sex. He also suggested that all humans have an unconscious wish for death, which he referred to as the death instincts. Self-destructive behavior, he believed, was one expression of the death drive. However, he believed that these death instincts were largely tempered by life instincts. The Psyche In Freudian theory, the human mind is structured into two main parts: the conscious and unconscious mind. The conscious mind includes all the things we are aware of or can easily bring into awareness. The unconscious mind, on the other hand, includes all of the things outside of our awarenessâ€"all of the wishes, desires, hopes, urges, and memories that lie outside of awareness yet continue to influence behavior. Freud compared the mind to an iceberg. The tip of the iceberg that is actually visible above the water represents just a tiny portion of the mind, while the huge expanse of ice hidden underneath the water represents the much larger unconscious. In addition to these two main components of the mind, the Freudian theory also divides human personality up into three major components: the id, ego, and superego. The id is the most primitive part of the personality that is the source of all our most basic urges. This part of the personality is entirely unconscious and serves as the source of all libidinal energy. The ego is the component of personality that is charged with dealing with reality and helps ensure that the demands of the id are satisfied in ways that are realistic, safe and socially acceptable. The superego is the part of the personality that holds all of the internalized morals and standards that we acquire from our parents, family, and society at large. Psychosexual Development Freudian theory suggests that as children develop, they progress through a series of psychosexual stages. At each stage, the libidos pleasure-seeking energy is focused on a different part of the body. The five stages of psychosexual development are: The Oral Stage: The libidinal energies are focused on the mouth.The Anal Stage: The libidinal energies are focused on the anus.The Phallic Stage: The libidinal energies are focused on the penis or clitoris.The Latent Stage: A period of calm in which little libidinal interest is present.The Genital Stage: The libidinal energies are focused on the genitals. The successful completion of each stage leads to a healthy personality as an adult. If, however, a conflict remains unresolved at any particular stage, the individual might remain fixated or stuck at that particular point of development. A fixation can involve an over-dependence or obsession with something related to that phase of development. For example, a person with an oral fixation is believed to be stuck at the oral stage of development. Signs of an oral fixation might include excessive reliance on oral behaviors such as smoking, biting fingernails, or eating. Dream Analysis The unconscious mind played a critical role in all of Freuds theories, and he considered dreams to be one of the key ways to take a peek into what lies outside of our conscious awareness. He dubbed dreams the royal road to the unconscious and believed that by examining dreams, he could see not only how the unconscious mind works but what it is trying to hide from conscious awareness. Freud believed the content of dreams could be broken down into two different types. The manifest content of a dream included all of the actual content of the dream - the events, images, and thoughts contained within the dream. The manifest content is essentially what the dreamer remembers upon waking. The latent content, on the other hand, is all the hidden and symbolic meanings within the dream. Freud believed that dreams were essentially a form of wish-fulfillment. By taking unconscious thoughts, feelings, and desires and transforming them into less threatening forms, people are able to reduce the egos anxiety. He often utilized the analysis of dreams as a starting point in his free association technique. The analyst would focus on a particular dream symbol and then use free association to see what other thoughts and images immediately came to a clients mind. Defense Mechanisms Even if youve never studied Freuds theories before, you have probably heard the term defense mechanisms bandied about a few times. When someone seems unwilling to face a painful truth, you might accuse them of being in denial. When a person tries to look for a logical explanation for unacceptable behavior, you might suggest that they are rationalizing. These things represent different types of defense mechanisms or tactics that the ego uses to protect itself from anxiety. Some of the best-known mechanisms of defense include denial, repression, and regression, but there are many more. Discover more about the types of defenses and how they work to protect the ego in this overview of the defense mechanisms. Contemporary Views While Freuds theories have been widely criticized, it is important to remember that his work made important contributions to psychology. His work sparked a major change in how we view mental illness by suggesting that not all psychological problems have physiological causes. His belief that mental problems could be resolved by actually talking about them helped revolutionize psychotherapy. Since many contemporary psychologists do not give much credence to a lot of Freuds ideas, you might find yourself asking why you should bother learning about Freudian theory at all. First and perhaps most importantly, in order to understand where psychology is at today, it is essential to take a look back at where weve been and how we got here. Freuds work provides an insight into an important movement in psychology that helped transform how we think about mental health and how we approach psychological disorders. By studying these theories and those that came after, you can gain a better understanding of psychologys rich and fascinating history. Many psychoanalytic terms such as defense mechanism, Freudian slip, and anal retentive have become a part of our everyday language. By learning more about his work and theories, you can better understand how these ideas and concepts became woven into the fabric of popular culture.

Batman And The Dark Knight - 1604 Words

Batman is one of the most famous and celebrated fictional characters to ever exist. From his inception in the May 1939 issue of Detective Comics to his recent silver screen features, the character of Batman has persisted over time and evolved. Fans and critics often praise Tim Burton’s Batman and Christopher Nolan’s The Dark Knight as the best Batman films, both of which do utilize aesthetics of film very well, but were limited by their live-action filming. Burton got around this in his film by blending hand-drawn backgrounds and physical sets,1 while Nolan kept his feet firmly planted in the real world. Regardless, both still had their limitations. When assessing the aesthetics of the films, both Batman and The Dark Knight have strong enough narratives to keep them going, but when analyzing more detailed pieces, such as use of color, lighting, and sound, and how they bolster the narrative, the oft-forgotten animated Batman: Mask of the Phantasm proves to be more well-r ounded, both in terms of utilizing aesthetics and in being a Batman film. Mask of the Phantasm’s strongest suit is perhaps its narrative structure. When strictly reviewing the film, film critic Doug Walker took to his YouTube show Nostalgia Critic to raise awareness of the film, calling it the â€Å"best all-around Batman film,† praising how it focused on the psyche of Bruce Wayne, Batman’s alter-ego, more than most Batman films. This narrative impacts the film’s use of lighting, color, and sound heavily, but whenShow MoreRelatedBatman Dark Knight Ideologies1129 Words   |  5 PagesBatman Dark Knight Project In the movie the movie Batman: The Dark Knight there are many overlapping complexities between characters in the movies. For example, Harvey Dent believes in bringing forth justice which can also been seen in the characteristics of batman. However, Harvey Dent conforms to society and follows the law (in the beginning) like Inspector Gordon. One key characteristic that Inspector Gordon has is that he is incorruptible like Batman himself. Batman doesn’t conform to societyRead MoreBatman: the Dark Knight Rhetorical Analysis1610 Words   |  7 PagesJustice vs. Terrorism â€Å"The Dark Knight,† a movie directed and produced by Christopher Nolan, depicts the way a system of justice deals with terrorism. If an archetype is defined as a symbol that exists instinctively in the collective consciousness of the human race, the terrorism in Batman The Dark Knight represents an archetype through the violence, murder of the innocent, mayhem and mass destruction. Governments often lay down laws and procedures for a country to function, and to avoidRead MoreEssay Batman: the Dark Knight Film Analysis1806 Words   |  8 PagesBatman: The Dark Knight Batman: The Dark Knight directed by Christopher Nolan is non-stop action thriller that continually did the unexpected. The film is based off of the original Batman comic book but additionally changes the perception of the everyday world as good to naturally bad. Throughout the movie, Batman stands for honesty and goodness while the Joker is a symbolism of chaos and evil. Both sides are forced to make quick-witted decisions in order to stop the opposing vigilante from doingRead MoreBatman: The Dark Knight Returns; Themes and Analysis Essay1245 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ The main conflicts in the world of The Dark Knight Returns revolve around escalating crime in Gotham city and forces of the authority attempting to control it. The authority should be a moral force and represent justice. The figures that represent the authority should be selfless and work only to promote the integrity of law and order. Authority proves to be contradictory in Miller’s novel as the authoritative figures express qualities of vigilantism and overall moral ambiguity. The firstRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Batman And The Dark Knight Rises Essay731 Words   |  3 PagesCreed fights Ricky Conlan so that Adonis can be the heavyweight champion. 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Batmans vengance starts out in Batman Begins. AsRead MoreThe Dark Knight Is Not A Superhero Movie1224 Words   |  5 Pages The Dark Knight is considered one of the best superhero movies of the decade. But is it actually a super hero movie? After 9-11 Hollywood has adopted terrorism like scenes into many of its movies. Almost every scene, In the Dark Knight, involves terrorism. However many label the movie a superhero movie. The Dark Knight is not a superhero movie, in-fact it’s a very realistic portrayal of terrorism in our society. Batman is the main protagonist in the Dark Knight and is widely considered a superheroRead MoreBatman Films Vs. Batman1527 Words   |  7 PagesBatman is one of the most well-known superheroes in the world. Since his first appearance in Detective Comics #27 in 1939, he seems to have just gotten more famous even after over 75 years. However, the Batman that audiences see now is not the same Batman that first appeared in 1939. Batman had a solid moral compass and could very clearly see the line between right and wrong. In most of the early films and serials, he is cheesy to a point where it becomes hard to watch. Throughout the years, BatmanRead MoreThe Technical Quality of The Dark Knight1396 Words   |  6 PagesThe Dark Knight The Dark Knight is an action hero film from 2008 directed and co-written by Christopher Nolan. It is Christopher Nolan’s second film based on the comic hero Batman, and it’s the second movie to the 2005 Batman Begins. As Roger Ebert explains, â€Å"It creates characters we come to care about. That’s because of the performances, because of the direction, because of the writing, and because of the superlative technical quality of the entire production.† The stars include Christian BaleRead MoreJustice in Gotham Essay1655 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to Batman, Gotham needs a masked vigilante to swiftly restore justice and order to the city. Police officers are openly crooked, while politicians and judges are in the pockets of the mobsters. By the time of The Dark Knight, things have started to improved in Gotham. Batman and Lieutenant Jim Gordon, have had astonishing success fighting the mob in Gotham. Their success has been paralleled by that of Distric t Attorney Harvey Dent, Gotham’s â€Å"white knight.† He is seemingly incorruptible

Ming Dynasty Emperors of China

The Ming Dynasty is famous world-wide for its graceful blue-and-white glazed porcelains, and for the voyages of Zheng He and the Treasure Fleet. The Ming were also the only ethnically Han Chinese family to rule the empire between 1270 and the end of the imperial system in 1911. This list includes the Ming emperors given names and their reign-names, as well as their years in power. Â   Zhu Yuanzhang, the Hongwu Emperor, 1368-1398Zhu Yunwen, the Jianwen Emperor, 1398-1402Zhu Di, the Yongle Emperor, 1402-1424Zhu Gaochi, the Hongxi Emperor, 1424-1425Zhu Zhangji, the Xuande Emperor, 1425-1435Zhu Qizhen, the Zhengtong Emperor, 1435-1449 and 1457-1464Zhu Qiyu, the Jingtai Emperor, 1449-1457Zhu Jianshen, the Chenghua Emperor, 1464-1487Zhu Youtang, the Hongzhi Emperor, 1487-1505Zhu Houzhao, the Zhengde Emperor, 1505-1521Zhu Houcong, the Jiajing Emperor, 1521-1566Zhu Zaihou, the Longqing Emperor, 1566-1572Zhu Yijun, Wanli Emperor, 1572-1620Zhu Changluo, the Taichang Emperor, 1620Zhu Youjiao, the Tianqi Emperor, 1620-1627Zhu Youjian, the Chongzhen Emperor, 1627-1644 Â   For more information, see the List of Chinese Dynasties.

Boy Soldiers in the First World War Free Essays

A. Plan of Investigation The purpose of this investigation is to evaluate how allowing underage soldiers to fight affected Kitchener’s Army during the First World War. To examine this, the investigation will focus on the increase of soldiers in Britain’s army, and out of those, how many were under the required recruitment age of 18. We will write a custom essay sample on Boy Soldiers in the First World War or any similar topic only for you Order Now Also, the increase in casualties that occurred due to inexperienced, underage soldiers will be assessed. Lastly, the social issues that arose due to young boys being allowed on the Western Front will be examined. The investigation will be conducted using a variety of sources, the main source being Boy Soldiers of the Great War by Richard Van Emden, which will be evaluated for it’s origins, purposes, values and limitations. B. Summary of Evidence Increased Enlistment Rates in Kitchener’s Army ?During August of 1914, Britain’s Army had approximately 750,000 men ? Lord Kitchener (Field-Marshall) needed at least another 500,000 soldiers to fight in the war. In August 1914, Lord Kitchener started an intense recruitment campaign that used many propaganda posters saying things like â€Å"Your Country Needs You† and â€Å"A Call To Arms† which encouraged many men and youths to enlist. ?By September 1914, over 500,000 men had enlisted to Britain’s Army ? It is approximated that a quarter of those soldiers were under the required recruitment age of eighteen. ?These boys enlisted for many reasons: to fulfill their own patriotism, to join friends who were also en listing, or to even get away from their own parents. By the end of the war, more than a quarter of a million boy soldiers fought for Britain in World War One. Increased Casualties Due to Inexperienced Underage Soldiers ?Many soldiers would become emotionally and physically unstable when facing the horrors of war, and experience â€Å"shell shock†. ?Especially in underage boys who were not used to witnessing death, soldiers would panic and act hysterically ? Many soldiers who suffered from shell shock would run from the trenches, and be executed for desertion or cowardice. ?Over 300 British soldiers were court-martialed and executed by fellow British soldiers ? Young (and old) soldiers resorted to suicide in the trenches, due to shell shock, however the exact number of suicides is not known because it is too hard to track ? Training for all soldiers was a short period of time before heading off to the front lines, and for soldiers under age eighteen, no amount of training could prepare them mentally of physically for trench warfare ? Because of their lack of training, young soldiers were usually not the best soldiers and would be killed easily Increase of Social Concern ?Many boy soldiers joined the army without telling their parents, so mothers and fathers were very worried, and wanted their sons to be sent back home ? Sir Arthur Markham (Liberal MP for Mansfield) was known for fighting throughout the duration of World War One, to get the underage soldiers sent back home to their families ? Not only were the parents of the young boys concerned, but people in general were hearing gruesome stories of war, and were upset that boys as young as fourteen were involved D. Analysis During World War One, over 8 million brave soldiers fought for Britain, all of them at various ages and stages of their lives. During Lord Kitchener’s recruitment campaign in 1914 , thousands of soldiers enlisted for a variety of reasons. Out of these soldiers, more than 250,000 of them were under the age of eighteen . Boy soldiers that had been allowed to enlist affected Kitchener’s Army because of increased recruitment rates, a rise in casualties due to inexperienced, underage soldiers, and a growing social concern about these young boys. By August 1914, Britain’s Army was in desperate need of more men to fight against the Germans . Throughout the same month, the field-marshall at that time, Lord Kitchener, launched a forceful campaign to recruit soldiers by using propaganda posters with phrases like â€Å"Your Country Needs You† and â€Å"A Call To Arms†. This campaign was extremely successful and by September of 1914 the recruitment rates of the army increased significantly. Not only had hundreds of thousands of men enlisted, but boys had been allowed to join as well. These young boys chose to lie about their age and enlist for a variety of reasons: their own sense of patriotism, wanting to follow friends/family into war, pressure from their own cities and towns, and even wanting to get away from austere parents . At this point of World War One, expanding Britain’s Army was the primary goal, not necessarily recruiting the ‘right’ type of soldier. Although these underage men were beneficial to Lord Kitchener’s Army by augmenting the number of combatants, these boys were still extremely young, and had not fathomed the horrors of war. After soldiers had officially joined, all men and boys were subject to an exceedingly short period of time dedicated to training , after which they would immediately be sent to the front lines. For soldiers that were as young as 14 years old, no amount of training could prepare them physically or mentally for trench warfare. As a result of this, there was an increase in casualties within Kitchener’s Army because boy soldiers were usually not the best fighters, and would be killed easily. Also, many youths were not used to witnessing death and would experience â€Å"shell shock† in the trenches . One young boy described his experiences in the trenches , saying, â€Å"It was hell, absolute hell. † By not taking the time to verify a soldier’s age, and not allowing for a more extensive training period, Lord Kitchener unknowingly sent these young soldiers to their deaths, deaths that could have been prevented. â€Å"We were doing things we knew nothing about. † stated on sixteen-year-old. This â€Å"hell† earlier described would cause soldiers to panic, act hysterically, run from the trenches, or even commit suicide. These unfortunate injuries and deaths demonstrated how Lord Kitchener seemed to favour quantity over quality, which, in a military sense, is a poor idea. These unnecessary casualties affected Kitchener’s Army, not only in a numerical way, but it also produced a great social concern, which, in turn, affected the British Army. Seeing as the required recruitment age was eighteen, a majority of the boy soldiers joined Kitchener’s Army without telling their parents, causing much worry amongst the families of these young boys. The British people’s view on the government and the British Army changed and thought that by allowing nderage boys into the army, â€Å"[Families] have been tricked, deceived, and lied to, in the most scandalous and un-English fashion. † This worry then turned into anger, and families started fighting to get their sons off of the Western Front and back home. This presented a serious issue to the British Army because, according to the enlis tment laws, allowing underage soldier’s into the army was against the law, and they had not only numerous upset families writing them letters regarding their sons, but several politicians had started a campaign to bring the young boys home. One of the most well known political leaders of this campaign was liberal MP Sir Arthur Markham who continually questioned Lord Kitchener and the Under Secretary of War what they were going to about these underage boys in the trenches, and insisted that â€Å"no system of enlistment can be satisfactory which allows boys like that to be taken. † By allowing these immature boys to enter into World War One, Kitchener’s Army lost support from his own country, as the general public would not tolerate sending innocent boys into such a harsh environment. How to cite Boy Soldiers in the First World War, Essay examples

Wife of Bath/Lanval free essay sample

Chaucer’s The Wife of Bath’s Tale revolves around the issue of feminine desire. A knight of King Arthur’s court rapes a maiden, which in the story is an offence punishable by death, but the queen grants him mercy. If in a year he could return to the court with the correct answer for her and her ladies to the question ‘What thyng is it that wommen moost desiren’ (Chaucer, l. 905) he could keep his head. This is not a straightforward question to answer yet the knight succeeds, stating that women most desire mastery over their husbands, bringing in the theme of female power. The concept is laid out plainly enough; however, the delivery in action is somewhat confusing. The actions described, performed by women themselves, seem contradictory to this desire, casting this ultimate desire into a shadow of doubt, forcing the reader to scrutinise the text to make sense out of the contradictions and try and pinpoint Chaucer’s message on feminine desire and power. By chronologically analysing The Wife of Bath’s Tale, with reference to her accompanying prologue, it is possible to draw out a comprehensive understanding of the articulation of feminine desire in the text. Hansen criticises this integrated perception of marriage and power stating that the Wife of Bath is â€Å"ironically trapped in the misogynist culture she explicitly names as the enemy and is blind to the ways in which her tactics further embed her in the assumptions she tries in vein to defy† (1996 p. 274). This statement insults Alisoun’s character as it oversimplifies her understanding of her situation and neglects to take into account the social context of the text. She is not a victim as she has knowingly embraced an institution associated with female confinement and oppression. By willingly playing the game she manipulates marriage in her favour and uses it as a tool to help her achieve the power and autonomy she strives for, â€Å"What sholde I taken keep hem for to plese, / But it were for my profit and myn ese? † (Chaucer, l. 213-214). This was not commonplace in medieval literature as in medieval marriage the woman was a legal non-entity. This further shows Alisoun’s cunning. However, only knowing how to achieve this goal through manipulating her husbands the Wife of Bath must continuously be married. To possibly portray this female control in a traditionally uppressing environment, the Wife of Bath writes herself into a masculine role, whilst still employing a feminine one. Her character is choosing to portray herself in a certain light. This gives Alisoun an amount of power on its own. Through her use of and reference to texts, she takes on the male role of a clerk while she also claims her authority on marriage comes from her experience , which is a female association (Dinshaw 1989, 114)). This can also be seen in her tale. However, it is the knight’s position, which is being inverted to a more female role, as he must learn about female desire through the experience of his quest. This puts the women of the court and the queen in the more powerful position. The reader becomes aware that the initial rape scene is the link between the fictive world and reality. The Wife of Bath is using this story to criticise her own society, showing what it could and should be like instead. The crime the knight committed is punishable by execution. This shows the reader that men are not all powerful after all, but they are subject to justice. The queen postpones the execution and will completely deny it on the grounds that the knight has a year and a day in which to figure out a satisfactory answer to the queen’s question. It can be read that this shows the folly of women. One could carry this argument throughout the rest of the text, pointing out that the women, such as the â€Å"wyf†, give up their gained mastery as soon as it is granted them. Showing the foolishness of women could make room for an argument that women do not have power because they should not have power. However, one can look at the queen and her ladies being aware of â€Å"an ironic connection between an unthinking act [the rape] and an unthinking punishment [the execution] for it, and also the waste in separating an act from its causes and underlying assumptions† (Van 1994, pp. 85-6). Van points out that â€Å"they want to change the insides of a head the law proposes to remove† (1994, p. 186). This means that the women are giving the knight a chance to go out and learn of his crime. By taking the time to talk and listen to women he will begin to see that women are not just objects of male gratification, but ar e humans who, like himself, desire. This would enable for him to become aware of his crime, which if he thought of women as there for no other reason than to pleasure himself with he probably could not wholly comprehend his own actions and why they were bad. Changing one man’s perception of women is a large step forward for women in a male dominated world. The answer, women most desire mastery over their husbands, is given to the knight by the hag, yet it appears that she gives up her own mastery over her husband; she marries the knight as reward for her aid, to become completely subservient to him as soon as her desire is actualised. This puts strains on the trueness of the answer provided. There were so many varying answers the knight comes across on his year long quest, he was unable on his own to find a desire that spans all women. However, this also suggests that the queen and her court of justice were not so much interested in him finding the perfect answer, but on female desire being vocalised and acknowledged as existent, especially by one who did not previously acknowledge it. Returning to the hag, she attains her desire for a fleeting moment only to have herself give it up in transforming into both a beautiful and faithful wife, both qualities her husband wanted, after posing the knight with an ultimatum between the two. The tale goes on to say she served her husband’s happiness for the rest of their days and they lived those days happily. This seems to directly oppose her previous desire. However, as Mckinley states, â€Å"[her] transformation is evidence that he has chosen rightly—and that his choice effectively places her preferences first. His reward emphasizes the nature of reciprocity in marriage which Chaucer here suggests, where each spouse must give up ‘rights’ to self and so, paradoxically, receive benefits of a much greater kind† (McKinley 1996, 366). The male must relinquish his socially inherited power, being able to give this up implies he was holding the power, but the wife must also choose to renounce her newly found authority, creating them both equal in their relationship. This view changes the meaning of the answer somewhat. The answer now seems to be a lesson in itself, to teach men to respect their wives, hosting them up to the status of equal, not superior. This is also the Wife of Bath’s wish, to have the perfect marriage, the union of two equals, and her tale shows how one is to go about this to achieve it. Similarly, Marie de France’s Lanval deals with an element of feminine desire and power. The Wife of Bath’s Tale creates a world which becomes almost a Utopia, where women are seen as equals, in at least marriage, feminine desire is recognised and also realised. Lanval approaches the same concept of feminine desire and corresponding power in a different way. Mare de France constructs two worlds within her story; the known, human world of King Arthur’s court, and the fanciful, fairie land of Avalon. She uses two women, one from each world, to show how female desire can only be achieved in a place removed from the known patriarchal society. In this way Lanval is very different from The Wife of Bath’s Tale, which uses the text as a didactic medium, showing how the world could function in a society of more equality. The two main women portrayed in Lanval, Queen Guinevere and the Fairy Queen, play an active role in the plot progression and wield considerable power. Arthur’s queen has counsel of his ear and appears to have some sway over him. As the queen in The Wife of Bath’s Tale, her power is through her position in relation to her king. She shows she is a powerful woman when she first approaches Lanval. For whatever reason, the queen takes a shining to the foreign knight and proposes an affair. She seemingly overestimates her power, which she gains from her marriage and her beauty, in relation to Lanval’s loyalty to his king. Her desire is clear, and her confidence reinforces her power in society. Her rejection can be seen as a moral lesson for other women. Not even having power should gain a person an immoral desire. Her desire is immoral as it would be an act of adultery and in fact treason. Immoral desire was not an issue in The Wife of Bath’s Tale, it dealt simply with the issue of desire itself. However, the queen’s desires change after her rejection. She then desires retribution for this rejection and his insulting her. She manipulates the situation, portraying herself as the victim of insult to her husband, and through him puts Lanval on trial and almost sees him punished. One must remember that the king is also insulted by Lanval’s claims there are maids of the Fairy Queen more beautiful than his queen, and so there is also a male desire for retribution. However, this desire of the queen’s is also quelled it can be viewed that women do desire in the Arthurian world, and by extension the actual world, but their personal desires are not able to be realised. Again though, the morality associated with a desire, not solely a feminine desire, seems to impact the accessibility of said desire, and so Lanval can be treated as a moral text. The Wife of Bath’s Tale and Lanval can, as has been shown, explored in relation to feminine desire. The Wife of Bath’s Tale brings the reader to the conclusion that feminine desire is not in fact mastery over their husbands, as directly stated in the text, but is rather a desire for equality, at least in marriage, with men, and that their desires are recognised and they are treated as persons, not objects of male gratification. Lanval, on the other hand, explores feminine desire in a moral sense.