Tuesday, August 25, 2020

LANGUAGE, POWER & IDENTITY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

LANGUAGE, POWER and IDENTITY - Essay Example Hence, turning into the language of International Business, Diplomacy and Science. It has to be sure joined world on a typical stage, filling in as the worldwide language (NORTON, 2000). In any case, English is spoken and composed distinctively by various individuals, everywhere throughout the world. The way that one language is broadened owes to the effect of minor ideological, social and semantic contrasts among human social orders and networks. Various social orders and networks have their own â€Å"Standard English† which is reliant of their way of life, emphasize, renown and societal position. Variations of such are purportedly watched and seen. National uprightness and personality are the main impetuses of such variations. This has driven the world to move to the correspondence disorder, as one explicit language same in setting, emphasize and composed arrangement neglects to exist. The educational plan for National Curriculum for English is in conversation and discussion since the 1980’s (WARDHAUGH, 2002). Standard English isn't a language in any significant sense (FAIRCLOUGH, 2001). It's anything but a style, highlight, language or register yet by many is proposed to be a lingo, which in increasingly explicit term is an assortment of tongue all the more ordinarily utilized. There is no particular foundation or record of where it is from. Standard English is related with power, discipline and conventional, good and social request. Standard English has conversational just as formal variations. Movement of networks, throws, race and social orders changed the substance of the local English Language of the Britain. The Anglos, Saxons and Jutes are significantly liable for one such variation. Accordingly, Standard English is taken to be the blend of various etymological highlights of complement, style and arthrography of a culture and network advancing effect on the language. Locally, English is spoken in United States, Canada, South Africa, Australia

Saturday, August 22, 2020

50 Great Argumentative Essay Topics for Any Assignment

50 Great Argumentative Essay Topics for Any Assignment SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Sooner or later, you’re going to be approached to compose a pugnacious article. A factious exposition is actually what it seems like-a paper wherein you’ll be making a contention, utilizing models and research to back up your point. In any case, not all contentious article themes are made equivalent. In addition to the fact that you have to structure your exposition option to goodly affect the peruser, yet even your decision of subject can affect how perusers feel about your work. In this article, we’ll spread the essentials of composing factious expositions, including what contentious papers are, the way to compose a decent one, and how to pick a subject that functions for you. At that point look at a rundown of contentious paper thoughts to assist you with beginning. What Is an Argumentative Essay? A pugnacious exposition is one that makes a contention through research. These articles take a position and bolster it through proof, be that as it may, in contrast to numerous different sorts of expositions, they are keen on communicating a particular contention upheld by research and proof. A decent factious exposition will be founded on set up or new research instead of just on your considerations and emotions. Envision that you’re attempting to get your folks to raise your recompense, and you can offer one of two contentions in support of you: You should raise my stipend since I need you to. You should raise my recompense on the grounds that I’ve been taking on more tasks without whining. The first contention is based completely in quite a while with no real reinforcement, though the second depends on proof that can be demonstrated. Your folks are bound to react emphatically to the second contention since it shows that you have planned something for win the expanded remittance. So also, an all around inquired about and contemplated contention will show perusers that your point has a premise truth be told, not simply emotions. The standard five-section article is regular recorded as a hard copy pugnacious expositions, however it’s not by any means the only method to keep in touch with one. A pugnacious article is normally written in one of two arrangements, the Toulmin model or the Rogerian model. The Toulmin model is the most widely recognized, involved a presentation with a case (also called a postulation), with information to help it. This style of article will likewise incorporate answers, assisting with reinforcing your contention by foreseeing counterarguments. The Rogerian model investigates different sides of a contention and arrives at a resolution in the wake of gauging the qualities and shortcomings of each. Both article styles depend on very much contemplated rationale and supporting proof to demonstrate a point, just in two distinct ways. The significant thing to note about factious articles instead of different sorts of papers is that they intend to contend a particular point as opposed to disclose something or to recount to a story. While they may share a few things practically speaking with explanatory articles, the essential contrast is in their goal a pugnacious paper intends to persuade somebody regarding something, though an investigative exposition contextualizes a point with look into. On the off chance that all works out positively, your paper could be in a book this way! What Makes a Good Argumentative Essay? To compose a powerful contentious paper, you have to comprehend what a decent one resembles. Notwithstanding a strong structure, you’ll need a contention, a solid proposal, and strong research. An Argument In contrast to different types of papers, you are attempting to persuade your peruser of something. You’re not simply showing them an idea or exhibiting a thought you’re building a contention to change the readers’ thinking. You’ll need to build up a decent contention, which envelops your central matter, yet in addition all the pieces that make it up. Think past what you are stating and incorporate how you’re saying it. In what manner will you take a thought and transform it into an unpredictable and all around considered contention that is equipped for changing somebody’s mind? A Strong Thesis The proposal is the center of your contention. What explicit message would you say you are attempting to get over? Express that message in one sentence, and that will be your proposition. This is the establishment on which your exposition is assembled, so it should be solid and all around contemplated. You should have the option to develop it with realities and sources, not simply sentiments. Research A decent factious exposition isn’t simply dependent on your individual contemplations, however inquire about. That can be refering to sources and different contentions or it can mean direct research in the field, contingent upon what your contention is and the setting where you are contending it. Be set up to back your postulation up with revealing from logical diaries, papers, or different types of research. Having all around inquired about sources will help bolster your contention superior to noise or presumptions. In the event that you can’t discover enough research to back up your point, it’s worth rethinking your proposition or directing unique research, if conceivable. Instructions to Come Up With an Argumentative Essay Topic Now and again you may get yourself contending things you don’t essentially accept. That’s thoroughly fine-you don’t really need to wholeheartedly put stock in what you’re contending so as to build a convincing contention. In any case, on the off chance that you have free decision of point, it’s a smart thought to pick something you feel firmly about. There are two key segments to a decent contentious paper: a solid position, and a collection of proof. In the event that you’re intrigued and feel enthusiastic about the subject you choose,you'll have a simpler time findingevidence to supportit, yet the proof's generally significant. Thus, to pick a subject, consider things you feel unequivocally about, regardless of whether emphatically or adversely. You can make a rundown of thoughts and tight those down to a bunch of things, at that point develop those thoughts with a couple of potential focuses you need to hit on. For instance, say you’re attempting to choose whether you ought to expound on how your neighborhood should boycott weed executioner, that your school’s lunch ought to be free for all understudies, or that the school day ought to be cut by 60 minutes. To choose these thoughts, you can make a rundown of three to five focuses for every that spread the distinctive proof you could use to help each point. For the weed executioner boycott, you could state that weed executioner has been demonstrated to impactsly affect honey bees, that there are straightforward, characteristic other options, and that weeds aren’t in reality terrible to have around. For the free lunch thought, you could recommend that a few understudies need to go hungry in light of the fact that they can’t manage the cost of lunch, that assets could be occupied from different spots to help free lunch, and that different things, similar to chips or pizza, could be offered to help make up lost income. Furthermore, for the school day length model, you could contend that young people for the most part don’t get enough rest, that you have an excessive amount of schoolwork and not sufficient opportunity to do it, and that youngsters don’t invest enough energy with their families. You may discover as you make these rundowns that some of them are more grounded than others. The more proof you have and the more grounded you feel that that proof is, the better the point. Obviously, in the event that you feel that one theme may have more proof however you’d rather not expound on it, it’s alright to pickanother subject. When you’re making contentions, it tends to be a lot simpler to discover solid focuses and proof in the event that you feel enthusiastic aboutour point than if you don't. 50 Argumentative Essay Topic Ideas On the off chance that you’re battling to think of subjects all alone, read through this rundown of factious paper points to help kick you off! Science Ought to fracking be legitimate? Should guardians have the option to alter their unborn kids? Do GMOs help or mischief individuals? Should inoculations be required for understudies to go to government funded school? Should world governments engage in tending to environmental change? Innovation Ought to Facebook be permitted to gather information from its clients? Should self-driving vehicles be lawful? Is it moral to supplant human laborers with mechanization? Ought to there be laws against utilizing mobile phones while driving? Has the web emphatically or adversely affected human culture? Sports Should school competitors be paid for being on sports groups? Should mentors and players make a similar measure of cash? Should sports be isolated by sexual orientation? Should the idea of assigned hitters in baseball be nullified? Would it be a good idea for us to sports pay attention to soccer more? Religion Should strict associations need to make good on charges? Should strict clubs be permitted in schools? Ought to â€Å"one country under God† be in the vow of loyalty? Should religion be instructed in schools? Should church be permitted to wed? Wellbeing Should minors have the option to buy contraception without parental assent? Should the US change to single-payer medicinal services? Should helped self destruction be lawful? Should dietary enhancements and weight reduction things like teas be permitted to promote through influencers? Should specialists be permitted to advance meds? Government/Politics Is the constituent school a viable framework for current America? Ought to Puerto Rico become a state? Should voter enlistment be programmed? Should individuals in jail be permitted to cast a ballot? Should Supreme Court judges be chosen? Morals Should sex work be legitimized? Should Columbus Day be supplanted with Indigenous Peoples’ Day? Should capital punishment be lawful? Should creature testing be permitted? Should sedate belonging be decriminalized? Financial Should unpaid entry level positions be legitimate? Should the lowest pay permitted by law be expanded? Should imposing business models be permitted? Is all inclusive fundamental salary a smart thought? Should partnerships have a sequential expense rate? Instruction Are school outfits a smart thought? Should PE influence a studentâ

Wednesday, August 5, 2020

An Overview of Sigmund Freuds Theories

An Overview of Sigmund Freuds Theories   More in Psychology History and Biographies Psychotherapy Basics Student Resources Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming In This Article Table of Contents Expand Talk Therapy Personality Driving Forces The Psyche Psychosexual Development Dream Analysis Defense Mechanisms Contemporary Views If you are even the most casual student of psychology, then you have probably spent a fair amount of time learning about Sigmund Freuds theories. Even people who are relatively unfamiliar with psychology as a subject have at least some awareness of psychoanalysis, the school of thought created by Sigmund Freud. While you may have some passing knowledge of key concepts in psychoanalysis like the unconscious, fixations, defense mechanisms, and dream symbolism, you might wonder exactly how these ideas fit in together and what influence they really have on contemporary psychologists. In this brief overview of Freudian theory, learn more about some of the major ideas proposed by Sigmund Freud. Talk Therapy One of Freuds greatest contributions to psychology was talk therapy, the notion that simply talking about our problems can help alleviate them. It was through his association with his close friend and colleague Josef Breuer that Freud became aware of a woman known in the case history as Anna O. The young womans real name was Bertha Pappenheim and she became a patient of Breuers after suffering a bout of what was then known as hysteria, the symptoms of which included such things as blurred vision, hallucinations, and partial paralysis. It was during her treatment that Breuer observed that discussing her experiences seemed to provide some degree of relief from her symptoms. It was Pappenheim herself who began referring to the treatment as the talking cure. While Anna O is often described as one of Freuds patients, the two never actually met. Freud often discussed her case with Breuer, however, and the two collaborated on an 1895 book based on her treatment titled Studies in Hysteria. Freud concluded that her hysteria was the result of childhood sexual abuse, a view that ended up leading to a rift in Freud and Breuers professional and personal relationship. Anna O may not have actually been Freuds patient, but her case informed much of Freuds work and later theories on therapy and psychoanalysis. Personality Driving Forces According to Freud psychoanalytic theory, all psychic energy is generated by the libido. Freud suggested that our mental states were influenced by two competing forces: cathexis and anticathexis. Cathexis was described as an investment of mental energy in a person, an idea or an object. If you are hungry, for example, you might create a mental image of a delicious meal that you have been craving. In other cases, the ego might harness some of the ids energy to seek out activities that are related to the activity in order to disperse some of the excess energy from the id. If you cant actually seek out food to appease your hunger, you might instead thumb through a cookbook or browse through your favorite recipe blog. Anticathexis involves the ego blocking the socially unacceptable needs of the id. Repressing urges and desires is one common form of anticathexis, but it involves a significant investment of energy. Remember, according to Freuds theory, there is only so much libidinal energy available. When a lot of this energy is being devoted to suppressing urges via anticathexis, there is less energy available for other processes. Freud also believed that much of human behavior was motivated by two driving instincts: the life instincts and death instincts. The life instincts are those that relate to a basic need for survival, reproduction, and pleasure. They include such things as the need for food, shelter, love, and sex. He also suggested that all humans have an unconscious wish for death, which he referred to as the death instincts. Self-destructive behavior, he believed, was one expression of the death drive. However, he believed that these death instincts were largely tempered by life instincts. The Psyche In Freudian theory, the human mind is structured into two main parts: the conscious and unconscious mind. The conscious mind includes all the things we are aware of or can easily bring into awareness. The unconscious mind, on the other hand, includes all of the things outside of our awarenessâ€"all of the wishes, desires, hopes, urges, and memories that lie outside of awareness yet continue to influence behavior. Freud compared the mind to an iceberg. The tip of the iceberg that is actually visible above the water represents just a tiny portion of the mind, while the huge expanse of ice hidden underneath the water represents the much larger unconscious. In addition to these two main components of the mind, the Freudian theory also divides human personality up into three major components: the id, ego, and superego. The id is the most primitive part of the personality that is the source of all our most basic urges. This part of the personality is entirely unconscious and serves as the source of all libidinal energy. The ego is the component of personality that is charged with dealing with reality and helps ensure that the demands of the id are satisfied in ways that are realistic, safe and socially acceptable. The superego is the part of the personality that holds all of the internalized morals and standards that we acquire from our parents, family, and society at large. Psychosexual Development Freudian theory suggests that as children develop, they progress through a series of psychosexual stages. At each stage, the libidos pleasure-seeking energy is focused on a different part of the body. The five stages of psychosexual development are: The Oral Stage: The libidinal energies are focused on the mouth.The Anal Stage: The libidinal energies are focused on the anus.The Phallic Stage: The libidinal energies are focused on the penis or clitoris.The Latent Stage: A period of calm in which little libidinal interest is present.The Genital Stage: The libidinal energies are focused on the genitals. The successful completion of each stage leads to a healthy personality as an adult. If, however, a conflict remains unresolved at any particular stage, the individual might remain fixated or stuck at that particular point of development. A fixation can involve an over-dependence or obsession with something related to that phase of development. For example, a person with an oral fixation is believed to be stuck at the oral stage of development. Signs of an oral fixation might include excessive reliance on oral behaviors such as smoking, biting fingernails, or eating. Dream Analysis The unconscious mind played a critical role in all of Freuds theories, and he considered dreams to be one of the key ways to take a peek into what lies outside of our conscious awareness. He dubbed dreams the royal road to the unconscious and believed that by examining dreams, he could see not only how the unconscious mind works but what it is trying to hide from conscious awareness. Freud believed the content of dreams could be broken down into two different types. The manifest content of a dream included all of the actual content of the dream - the events, images, and thoughts contained within the dream. The manifest content is essentially what the dreamer remembers upon waking. The latent content, on the other hand, is all the hidden and symbolic meanings within the dream. Freud believed that dreams were essentially a form of wish-fulfillment. By taking unconscious thoughts, feelings, and desires and transforming them into less threatening forms, people are able to reduce the egos anxiety. He often utilized the analysis of dreams as a starting point in his free association technique. The analyst would focus on a particular dream symbol and then use free association to see what other thoughts and images immediately came to a clients mind. Defense Mechanisms Even if youve never studied Freuds theories before, you have probably heard the term defense mechanisms bandied about a few times. When someone seems unwilling to face a painful truth, you might accuse them of being in denial. When a person tries to look for a logical explanation for unacceptable behavior, you might suggest that they are rationalizing. These things represent different types of defense mechanisms or tactics that the ego uses to protect itself from anxiety. Some of the best-known mechanisms of defense include denial, repression, and regression, but there are many more. Discover more about the types of defenses and how they work to protect the ego in this overview of the defense mechanisms. Contemporary Views While Freuds theories have been widely criticized, it is important to remember that his work made important contributions to psychology. His work sparked a major change in how we view mental illness by suggesting that not all psychological problems have physiological causes. His belief that mental problems could be resolved by actually talking about them helped revolutionize psychotherapy. Since many contemporary psychologists do not give much credence to a lot of Freuds ideas, you might find yourself asking why you should bother learning about Freudian theory at all. First and perhaps most importantly, in order to understand where psychology is at today, it is essential to take a look back at where weve been and how we got here. Freuds work provides an insight into an important movement in psychology that helped transform how we think about mental health and how we approach psychological disorders. By studying these theories and those that came after, you can gain a better understanding of psychologys rich and fascinating history. Many psychoanalytic terms such as defense mechanism, Freudian slip, and anal retentive have become a part of our everyday language. By learning more about his work and theories, you can better understand how these ideas and concepts became woven into the fabric of popular culture.

Saturday, May 23, 2020

Batman And The Dark Knight - 1604 Words

Batman is one of the most famous and celebrated fictional characters to ever exist. From his inception in the May 1939 issue of Detective Comics to his recent silver screen features, the character of Batman has persisted over time and evolved. Fans and critics often praise Tim Burton’s Batman and Christopher Nolan’s The Dark Knight as the best Batman films, both of which do utilize aesthetics of film very well, but were limited by their live-action filming. Burton got around this in his film by blending hand-drawn backgrounds and physical sets,1 while Nolan kept his feet firmly planted in the real world. Regardless, both still had their limitations. When assessing the aesthetics of the films, both Batman and The Dark Knight have strong enough narratives to keep them going, but when analyzing more detailed pieces, such as use of color, lighting, and sound, and how they bolster the narrative, the oft-forgotten animated Batman: Mask of the Phantasm proves to be more well-r ounded, both in terms of utilizing aesthetics and in being a Batman film. Mask of the Phantasm’s strongest suit is perhaps its narrative structure. When strictly reviewing the film, film critic Doug Walker took to his YouTube show Nostalgia Critic to raise awareness of the film, calling it the â€Å"best all-around Batman film,† praising how it focused on the psyche of Bruce Wayne, Batman’s alter-ego, more than most Batman films. This narrative impacts the film’s use of lighting, color, and sound heavily, but whenShow MoreRelatedBatman Dark Knight Ideologies1129 Words   |  5 PagesBatman Dark Knight Project In the movie the movie Batman: The Dark Knight there are many overlapping complexities between characters in the movies. For example, Harvey Dent believes in bringing forth justice which can also been seen in the characteristics of batman. However, Harvey Dent conforms to society and follows the law (in the beginning) like Inspector Gordon. One key characteristic that Inspector Gordon has is that he is incorruptible like Batman himself. Batman doesn’t conform to societyRead MoreBatman: the Dark Knight Rhetorical Analysis1610 Words   |  7 PagesJustice vs. Terrorism â€Å"The Dark Knight,† a movie directed and produced by Christopher Nolan, depicts the way a system of justice deals with terrorism. If an archetype is defined as a symbol that exists instinctively in the collective consciousness of the human race, the terrorism in Batman The Dark Knight represents an archetype through the violence, murder of the innocent, mayhem and mass destruction. Governments often lay down laws and procedures for a country to function, and to avoidRead MoreEssay Batman: the Dark Knight Film Analysis1806 Words   |  8 PagesBatman: The Dark Knight Batman: The Dark Knight directed by Christopher Nolan is non-stop action thriller that continually did the unexpected. The film is based off of the original Batman comic book but additionally changes the perception of the everyday world as good to naturally bad. Throughout the movie, Batman stands for honesty and goodness while the Joker is a symbolism of chaos and evil. Both sides are forced to make quick-witted decisions in order to stop the opposing vigilante from doingRead MoreBatman: The Dark Knight Returns; Themes and Analysis Essay1245 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ The main conflicts in the world of The Dark Knight Returns revolve around escalating crime in Gotham city and forces of the authority attempting to control it. The authority should be a moral force and represent justice. The figures that represent the authority should be selfless and work only to promote the integrity of law and order. Authority proves to be contradictory in Miller’s novel as the authoritative figures express qualities of vigilantism and overall moral ambiguity. The firstRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Batman And The Dark Knight Rises Essay731 Words   |  3 PagesCreed fights Ricky Conlan so that Adonis can be the heavyweight champion. Person vs. Society is conflict in which a character and the society that he/she lives in are at odds, so an example of this would be The Dark Knight Rises. Batman’s bold actions diverge from the social norm, so when Batman is trying to help the people of Gotham and the cops try to arrest him. Next, Person vs. God/Fate/Destiny is conflict in which a character is in opposition of forces that are not of this world, so an exampleRead MoreHow Batman (Dark Knight Trilogy) is a Failed Hero Essay1004 Words   |  5 Pagesknows who Batman is. Batman has many different monikers, from â€Å"The Dark Knight† to â€Å"Gothams White Light† He is the hero of Gotham City. However, he is not the perfect superhero. Whenever he is fighting a villian such as the Joker and Bane, his methods are unorthodox to the average superhero. The way Batman fights crime, destroying the enviroment to do whatever it takes to stop the villian, and involving collateral damage, makes him a failed hero. Batmans vengance starts out in Batman Begins. AsRead MoreThe Dark Knight Is Not A Superhero Movie1224 Words   |  5 Pages The Dark Knight is considered one of the best superhero movies of the decade. But is it actually a super hero movie? After 9-11 Hollywood has adopted terrorism like scenes into many of its movies. Almost every scene, In the Dark Knight, involves terrorism. However many label the movie a superhero movie. The Dark Knight is not a superhero movie, in-fact it’s a very realistic portrayal of terrorism in our society. Batman is the main protagonist in the Dark Knight and is widely considered a superheroRead MoreBatman Films Vs. Batman1527 Words   |  7 PagesBatman is one of the most well-known superheroes in the world. Since his first appearance in Detective Comics #27 in 1939, he seems to have just gotten more famous even after over 75 years. However, the Batman that audiences see now is not the same Batman that first appeared in 1939. Batman had a solid moral compass and could very clearly see the line between right and wrong. In most of the early films and serials, he is cheesy to a point where it becomes hard to watch. Throughout the years, BatmanRead MoreThe Technical Quality of The Dark Knight1396 Words   |  6 PagesThe Dark Knight The Dark Knight is an action hero film from 2008 directed and co-written by Christopher Nolan. It is Christopher Nolan’s second film based on the comic hero Batman, and it’s the second movie to the 2005 Batman Begins. As Roger Ebert explains, â€Å"It creates characters we come to care about. That’s because of the performances, because of the direction, because of the writing, and because of the superlative technical quality of the entire production.† The stars include Christian BaleRead MoreJustice in Gotham Essay1655 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to Batman, Gotham needs a masked vigilante to swiftly restore justice and order to the city. Police officers are openly crooked, while politicians and judges are in the pockets of the mobsters. By the time of The Dark Knight, things have started to improved in Gotham. Batman and Lieutenant Jim Gordon, have had astonishing success fighting the mob in Gotham. Their success has been paralleled by that of Distric t Attorney Harvey Dent, Gotham’s â€Å"white knight.† He is seemingly incorruptible

Monday, May 11, 2020

Ming Dynasty Emperors of China

The Ming Dynasty is famous world-wide for its graceful blue-and-white glazed porcelains, and for the voyages of Zheng He and the Treasure Fleet. The Ming were also the only ethnically Han Chinese family to rule the empire between 1270 and the end of the imperial system in 1911. This list includes the Ming emperors given names and their reign-names, as well as their years in power. Â   Zhu Yuanzhang, the Hongwu Emperor, 1368-1398Zhu Yunwen, the Jianwen Emperor, 1398-1402Zhu Di, the Yongle Emperor, 1402-1424Zhu Gaochi, the Hongxi Emperor, 1424-1425Zhu Zhangji, the Xuande Emperor, 1425-1435Zhu Qizhen, the Zhengtong Emperor, 1435-1449 and 1457-1464Zhu Qiyu, the Jingtai Emperor, 1449-1457Zhu Jianshen, the Chenghua Emperor, 1464-1487Zhu Youtang, the Hongzhi Emperor, 1487-1505Zhu Houzhao, the Zhengde Emperor, 1505-1521Zhu Houcong, the Jiajing Emperor, 1521-1566Zhu Zaihou, the Longqing Emperor, 1566-1572Zhu Yijun, Wanli Emperor, 1572-1620Zhu Changluo, the Taichang Emperor, 1620Zhu Youjiao, the Tianqi Emperor, 1620-1627Zhu Youjian, the Chongzhen Emperor, 1627-1644 Â   For more information, see the List of Chinese Dynasties.

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Boy Soldiers in the First World War Free Essays

A. Plan of Investigation The purpose of this investigation is to evaluate how allowing underage soldiers to fight affected Kitchener’s Army during the First World War. To examine this, the investigation will focus on the increase of soldiers in Britain’s army, and out of those, how many were under the required recruitment age of 18. We will write a custom essay sample on Boy Soldiers in the First World War or any similar topic only for you Order Now Also, the increase in casualties that occurred due to inexperienced, underage soldiers will be assessed. Lastly, the social issues that arose due to young boys being allowed on the Western Front will be examined. The investigation will be conducted using a variety of sources, the main source being Boy Soldiers of the Great War by Richard Van Emden, which will be evaluated for it’s origins, purposes, values and limitations. B. Summary of Evidence Increased Enlistment Rates in Kitchener’s Army ?During August of 1914, Britain’s Army had approximately 750,000 men ? Lord Kitchener (Field-Marshall) needed at least another 500,000 soldiers to fight in the war. In August 1914, Lord Kitchener started an intense recruitment campaign that used many propaganda posters saying things like â€Å"Your Country Needs You† and â€Å"A Call To Arms† which encouraged many men and youths to enlist. ?By September 1914, over 500,000 men had enlisted to Britain’s Army ? It is approximated that a quarter of those soldiers were under the required recruitment age of eighteen. ?These boys enlisted for many reasons: to fulfill their own patriotism, to join friends who were also en listing, or to even get away from their own parents. By the end of the war, more than a quarter of a million boy soldiers fought for Britain in World War One. Increased Casualties Due to Inexperienced Underage Soldiers ?Many soldiers would become emotionally and physically unstable when facing the horrors of war, and experience â€Å"shell shock†. ?Especially in underage boys who were not used to witnessing death, soldiers would panic and act hysterically ? Many soldiers who suffered from shell shock would run from the trenches, and be executed for desertion or cowardice. ?Over 300 British soldiers were court-martialed and executed by fellow British soldiers ? Young (and old) soldiers resorted to suicide in the trenches, due to shell shock, however the exact number of suicides is not known because it is too hard to track ? Training for all soldiers was a short period of time before heading off to the front lines, and for soldiers under age eighteen, no amount of training could prepare them mentally of physically for trench warfare ? Because of their lack of training, young soldiers were usually not the best soldiers and would be killed easily Increase of Social Concern ?Many boy soldiers joined the army without telling their parents, so mothers and fathers were very worried, and wanted their sons to be sent back home ? Sir Arthur Markham (Liberal MP for Mansfield) was known for fighting throughout the duration of World War One, to get the underage soldiers sent back home to their families ? Not only were the parents of the young boys concerned, but people in general were hearing gruesome stories of war, and were upset that boys as young as fourteen were involved D. Analysis During World War One, over 8 million brave soldiers fought for Britain, all of them at various ages and stages of their lives. During Lord Kitchener’s recruitment campaign in 1914 , thousands of soldiers enlisted for a variety of reasons. Out of these soldiers, more than 250,000 of them were under the age of eighteen . Boy soldiers that had been allowed to enlist affected Kitchener’s Army because of increased recruitment rates, a rise in casualties due to inexperienced, underage soldiers, and a growing social concern about these young boys. By August 1914, Britain’s Army was in desperate need of more men to fight against the Germans . Throughout the same month, the field-marshall at that time, Lord Kitchener, launched a forceful campaign to recruit soldiers by using propaganda posters with phrases like â€Å"Your Country Needs You† and â€Å"A Call To Arms†. This campaign was extremely successful and by September of 1914 the recruitment rates of the army increased significantly. Not only had hundreds of thousands of men enlisted, but boys had been allowed to join as well. These young boys chose to lie about their age and enlist for a variety of reasons: their own sense of patriotism, wanting to follow friends/family into war, pressure from their own cities and towns, and even wanting to get away from austere parents . At this point of World War One, expanding Britain’s Army was the primary goal, not necessarily recruiting the ‘right’ type of soldier. Although these underage men were beneficial to Lord Kitchener’s Army by augmenting the number of combatants, these boys were still extremely young, and had not fathomed the horrors of war. After soldiers had officially joined, all men and boys were subject to an exceedingly short period of time dedicated to training , after which they would immediately be sent to the front lines. For soldiers that were as young as 14 years old, no amount of training could prepare them physically or mentally for trench warfare. As a result of this, there was an increase in casualties within Kitchener’s Army because boy soldiers were usually not the best fighters, and would be killed easily. Also, many youths were not used to witnessing death and would experience â€Å"shell shock† in the trenches . One young boy described his experiences in the trenches , saying, â€Å"It was hell, absolute hell. † By not taking the time to verify a soldier’s age, and not allowing for a more extensive training period, Lord Kitchener unknowingly sent these young soldiers to their deaths, deaths that could have been prevented. â€Å"We were doing things we knew nothing about. † stated on sixteen-year-old. This â€Å"hell† earlier described would cause soldiers to panic, act hysterically, run from the trenches, or even commit suicide. These unfortunate injuries and deaths demonstrated how Lord Kitchener seemed to favour quantity over quality, which, in a military sense, is a poor idea. These unnecessary casualties affected Kitchener’s Army, not only in a numerical way, but it also produced a great social concern, which, in turn, affected the British Army. Seeing as the required recruitment age was eighteen, a majority of the boy soldiers joined Kitchener’s Army without telling their parents, causing much worry amongst the families of these young boys. The British people’s view on the government and the British Army changed and thought that by allowing nderage boys into the army, â€Å"[Families] have been tricked, deceived, and lied to, in the most scandalous and un-English fashion. † This worry then turned into anger, and families started fighting to get their sons off of the Western Front and back home. This presented a serious issue to the British Army because, according to the enlis tment laws, allowing underage soldier’s into the army was against the law, and they had not only numerous upset families writing them letters regarding their sons, but several politicians had started a campaign to bring the young boys home. One of the most well known political leaders of this campaign was liberal MP Sir Arthur Markham who continually questioned Lord Kitchener and the Under Secretary of War what they were going to about these underage boys in the trenches, and insisted that â€Å"no system of enlistment can be satisfactory which allows boys like that to be taken. † By allowing these immature boys to enter into World War One, Kitchener’s Army lost support from his own country, as the general public would not tolerate sending innocent boys into such a harsh environment. How to cite Boy Soldiers in the First World War, Essay examples

Friday, May 1, 2020

Wife of Bath/Lanval free essay sample

Chaucer’s The Wife of Bath’s Tale revolves around the issue of feminine desire. A knight of King Arthur’s court rapes a maiden, which in the story is an offence punishable by death, but the queen grants him mercy. If in a year he could return to the court with the correct answer for her and her ladies to the question ‘What thyng is it that wommen moost desiren’ (Chaucer, l. 905) he could keep his head. This is not a straightforward question to answer yet the knight succeeds, stating that women most desire mastery over their husbands, bringing in the theme of female power. The concept is laid out plainly enough; however, the delivery in action is somewhat confusing. The actions described, performed by women themselves, seem contradictory to this desire, casting this ultimate desire into a shadow of doubt, forcing the reader to scrutinise the text to make sense out of the contradictions and try and pinpoint Chaucer’s message on feminine desire and power. By chronologically analysing The Wife of Bath’s Tale, with reference to her accompanying prologue, it is possible to draw out a comprehensive understanding of the articulation of feminine desire in the text. Hansen criticises this integrated perception of marriage and power stating that the Wife of Bath is â€Å"ironically trapped in the misogynist culture she explicitly names as the enemy and is blind to the ways in which her tactics further embed her in the assumptions she tries in vein to defy† (1996 p. 274). This statement insults Alisoun’s character as it oversimplifies her understanding of her situation and neglects to take into account the social context of the text. She is not a victim as she has knowingly embraced an institution associated with female confinement and oppression. By willingly playing the game she manipulates marriage in her favour and uses it as a tool to help her achieve the power and autonomy she strives for, â€Å"What sholde I taken keep hem for to plese, / But it were for my profit and myn ese? † (Chaucer, l. 213-214). This was not commonplace in medieval literature as in medieval marriage the woman was a legal non-entity. This further shows Alisoun’s cunning. However, only knowing how to achieve this goal through manipulating her husbands the Wife of Bath must continuously be married. To possibly portray this female control in a traditionally uppressing environment, the Wife of Bath writes herself into a masculine role, whilst still employing a feminine one. Her character is choosing to portray herself in a certain light. This gives Alisoun an amount of power on its own. Through her use of and reference to texts, she takes on the male role of a clerk while she also claims her authority on marriage comes from her experience , which is a female association (Dinshaw 1989, 114)). This can also be seen in her tale. However, it is the knight’s position, which is being inverted to a more female role, as he must learn about female desire through the experience of his quest. This puts the women of the court and the queen in the more powerful position. The reader becomes aware that the initial rape scene is the link between the fictive world and reality. The Wife of Bath is using this story to criticise her own society, showing what it could and should be like instead. The crime the knight committed is punishable by execution. This shows the reader that men are not all powerful after all, but they are subject to justice. The queen postpones the execution and will completely deny it on the grounds that the knight has a year and a day in which to figure out a satisfactory answer to the queen’s question. It can be read that this shows the folly of women. One could carry this argument throughout the rest of the text, pointing out that the women, such as the â€Å"wyf†, give up their gained mastery as soon as it is granted them. Showing the foolishness of women could make room for an argument that women do not have power because they should not have power. However, one can look at the queen and her ladies being aware of â€Å"an ironic connection between an unthinking act [the rape] and an unthinking punishment [the execution] for it, and also the waste in separating an act from its causes and underlying assumptions† (Van 1994, pp. 85-6). Van points out that â€Å"they want to change the insides of a head the law proposes to remove† (1994, p. 186). This means that the women are giving the knight a chance to go out and learn of his crime. By taking the time to talk and listen to women he will begin to see that women are not just objects of male gratification, but ar e humans who, like himself, desire. This would enable for him to become aware of his crime, which if he thought of women as there for no other reason than to pleasure himself with he probably could not wholly comprehend his own actions and why they were bad. Changing one man’s perception of women is a large step forward for women in a male dominated world. The answer, women most desire mastery over their husbands, is given to the knight by the hag, yet it appears that she gives up her own mastery over her husband; she marries the knight as reward for her aid, to become completely subservient to him as soon as her desire is actualised. This puts strains on the trueness of the answer provided. There were so many varying answers the knight comes across on his year long quest, he was unable on his own to find a desire that spans all women. However, this also suggests that the queen and her court of justice were not so much interested in him finding the perfect answer, but on female desire being vocalised and acknowledged as existent, especially by one who did not previously acknowledge it. Returning to the hag, she attains her desire for a fleeting moment only to have herself give it up in transforming into both a beautiful and faithful wife, both qualities her husband wanted, after posing the knight with an ultimatum between the two. The tale goes on to say she served her husband’s happiness for the rest of their days and they lived those days happily. This seems to directly oppose her previous desire. However, as Mckinley states, â€Å"[her] transformation is evidence that he has chosen rightly—and that his choice effectively places her preferences first. His reward emphasizes the nature of reciprocity in marriage which Chaucer here suggests, where each spouse must give up ‘rights’ to self and so, paradoxically, receive benefits of a much greater kind† (McKinley 1996, 366). The male must relinquish his socially inherited power, being able to give this up implies he was holding the power, but the wife must also choose to renounce her newly found authority, creating them both equal in their relationship. This view changes the meaning of the answer somewhat. The answer now seems to be a lesson in itself, to teach men to respect their wives, hosting them up to the status of equal, not superior. This is also the Wife of Bath’s wish, to have the perfect marriage, the union of two equals, and her tale shows how one is to go about this to achieve it. Similarly, Marie de France’s Lanval deals with an element of feminine desire and power. The Wife of Bath’s Tale creates a world which becomes almost a Utopia, where women are seen as equals, in at least marriage, feminine desire is recognised and also realised. Lanval approaches the same concept of feminine desire and corresponding power in a different way. Mare de France constructs two worlds within her story; the known, human world of King Arthur’s court, and the fanciful, fairie land of Avalon. She uses two women, one from each world, to show how female desire can only be achieved in a place removed from the known patriarchal society. In this way Lanval is very different from The Wife of Bath’s Tale, which uses the text as a didactic medium, showing how the world could function in a society of more equality. The two main women portrayed in Lanval, Queen Guinevere and the Fairy Queen, play an active role in the plot progression and wield considerable power. Arthur’s queen has counsel of his ear and appears to have some sway over him. As the queen in The Wife of Bath’s Tale, her power is through her position in relation to her king. She shows she is a powerful woman when she first approaches Lanval. For whatever reason, the queen takes a shining to the foreign knight and proposes an affair. She seemingly overestimates her power, which she gains from her marriage and her beauty, in relation to Lanval’s loyalty to his king. Her desire is clear, and her confidence reinforces her power in society. Her rejection can be seen as a moral lesson for other women. Not even having power should gain a person an immoral desire. Her desire is immoral as it would be an act of adultery and in fact treason. Immoral desire was not an issue in The Wife of Bath’s Tale, it dealt simply with the issue of desire itself. However, the queen’s desires change after her rejection. She then desires retribution for this rejection and his insulting her. She manipulates the situation, portraying herself as the victim of insult to her husband, and through him puts Lanval on trial and almost sees him punished. One must remember that the king is also insulted by Lanval’s claims there are maids of the Fairy Queen more beautiful than his queen, and so there is also a male desire for retribution. However, this desire of the queen’s is also quelled it can be viewed that women do desire in the Arthurian world, and by extension the actual world, but their personal desires are not able to be realised. Again though, the morality associated with a desire, not solely a feminine desire, seems to impact the accessibility of said desire, and so Lanval can be treated as a moral text. The Wife of Bath’s Tale and Lanval can, as has been shown, explored in relation to feminine desire. The Wife of Bath’s Tale brings the reader to the conclusion that feminine desire is not in fact mastery over their husbands, as directly stated in the text, but is rather a desire for equality, at least in marriage, with men, and that their desires are recognised and they are treated as persons, not objects of male gratification. Lanval, on the other hand, explores feminine desire in a moral sense.

Saturday, March 21, 2020

Biography of Nellie McClung, Canadian Activist

Biography of Nellie McClung, Canadian Activist Nellie McClung (October 20, 1873–September 1, 1951) was a Canadian womens suffragette and temperance advocate. She became famous as one of the Famous Five Alberta women who initiated and won the Persons Case to have women recognized as persons under the BNA Act. She was also a popular novelist and author. Fast Facts: Nellie McClung Known For: Canadian suffragette and authorAlso Known As: Helen Letitia MooneyBorn: October 20, 1873 in Chatsworth, Ontario, CanadaParents: John Mooney, Letitia McCurdy.Died: September 1, 1951 in Victoria, British Columbia, CanadaEducation: Teachers College in Winnipeg, ManitobaPublished Works:  Sowing Seeds in Danny, Flowers for the Living; A Book of Short Stories, Clearing in the West: My Own Story, The Stream Runs Fast: My Own StoryAwards and Honors:  Named one of Canadas  first honorary senatorsSpouse: Robert Wesley McClungChildren: Florence, Paul, Jack, Horace, MarkNotable Quote: Why are pencils equipped with erasers if not to correct mistakes? Early Life Nellie McClung was born Helen Letitia Mooney on October 20, 1873 and was raised on a homestead in Manitoba. She received very little formal education until the age of 10 but nevertheless received a teaching certificate at age 16. She married pharmacist Robert Wesley McClung at 23 and joined her mother-in-law as an active member of the Manitou Womans Christian Temperance Union. As a young woman, she wrote her first novel, Sowing Seeds in Danny, a humorous book about western country life that went on to become a best seller. She then went on to write stories and articles for various magazines. Early Activism and Politics In 1911, the McClungs moved to  Winnipeg, and it was there that Nellies powerful speaking skills became valuable in the political arena. From 1911–1914, Nellie McClung fought for womens suffrage. In the 1914 and 1915 Manitoba provincial elections, she campaigned for the Liberal Party on the issue of women voting. Nellie McClung helped organize the Winnipeg Political Equality League, a group devoted to helping working women. A dynamic and witty public speaker, Nellie McClung lectured frequently on temperance and womens suffrage. In 1914, Nellie McClung acted as the role of Manitoba Premier Sir Rodmond Roblin in the mock Womens Parliament intended to show the absurdity of denying women the vote. In 1915, the McClung family moved to Edmonton Alberta; in 1921, Nellie McClung was elected to the Alberta legislative assembly as an opposition Liberal for the riding of Edmonton. She was defeated in 1926. The Persons Case Nellie McClung was one of the Famous Five in the Persons Case, which established the status of women as persons under the law.  The Persons Case related to the British North America Act (BNA Act) which referred to persons as males. When Canadas first female police magistrate was appointed, challengers argued that the BNA Act did not consider women as persons and they could not, therefore, be appointed to official positions of power. McClung was one of five Alberta women who fought against the wording of the BNA Act. After a series of defeats, the British Privy Council (Canadas highest court of appeals) ruled in favor of the women. This was a major victory for womens rights; the Privy Council stated that the exclusion of women from all public offices is a relic of days more barbarous than ours. And to those who would ask why the word persons should include females, the obvious answer is, why should it not? Just a few months later, the first woman was appointed to the Canadian Senate. Later Career The McClung family moved to Vancouver Island in 1933. There, Nellie continued writing, focusing on her two-volume autobiography, short stories, and non-fiction. She served on the CBCs board of governors, became a delegate to the League of Nations, and continued her public speaking work. She wrote a total of 16 books, including the acclaimed In Times Like These. Causes Nellie McClung was a strong advocate for the rights of women. In addition, she worked on causes including temperance, factory safety, old age pensions, and public nursing services. She was also, along with some of her Famous Five colleagues, a strong supporter of eugenics. She believed in involuntary sterilization of the disabled and played a major role in pushing through the Alberta Sexual Sterilization Act passed in 1928. In her 1915 book,  In Times Like These, she wrote: [...] to bring children into the world, suffering from the handicaps caused by ignorance, poverty, or criminality of the parents, is an appalling crime against the innocent and hopeless, and yet one about which practically nothing is said. Marriage, homemaking, and the rearing of children are left entirely to chance, and so it is no wonder that humanity produces so many specimens who, if they were silk stockings or boots, would be marked â€Å"seconds.† Death McClung died of natural causes at her home in  Saanich  (Victoria),  British Columbia, on September 1, 1951. Legacy McClung is a complex figure for feminists. On the one hand, she fought for and helped to achieve a major political and legal goal, formalizing the rights of women as persons under the law. On the other hand, she was also a strong advocate for traditional family structure and for eugenics- an extremely unpopular concept in todays world. Sources Famous 5 Foundation.â€Å"Nellie McClung.†Ã‚  The Canadian Encyclopedia.The Nellie McClung Foundation.

Thursday, March 5, 2020

Lyrics to the Christmas Carol Gloria in Excelsis Deo

Lyrics to the Christmas Carol Gloria in Excelsis Deo The refrain of the French Carol translated into English as Angels We Have Heard on High is in Latin as Gloria in Excelsis Deo. Below is one version of the English version of the carol from the same source. The translation from French to English is by Bishop James Chadwick (1813-1882). Review the translations in English and French and learn about the songs history as well as its place in pop culture as we know it today. History of the Music The Christmas carol Angels We Have Heard on High was originally written by James Chadwick but played to music from the song Les Anges Dans Nos Campagnes. The French carol translates as The Angels in our Countryside and was originally created in Languedoc, France despite not knowing who the original composer was. The song meaning is about Jesus Christ as a newborn child and the many angels singing and praising his birth. In Pop Culture Dozens of popular artists have covered the song, from independent singer-songwriters such as Josh Groban, Brian McKnight, Andrea Bocelli, and Christina Aguilera. Groups of musicians and bands such as The Piano Guys, Bad Religion, Bayside, and Glee have also created notable versions of the famous carol.  Translations to the song may also be found in Scottish Gaelic, Portuguese, German, Spanish, and Mandarin Chinese amongst others. The English Translation (Angels We Have Heard on High) Angels we have heard on highSweetly singing oer the plains,And the mountains in replyEchoing their joyous strains.RefrainGloria, in excelsis Deo!Gloria, in excelsis Deo! Shepherds, why this jubilee?Why your joyous strains prolong?What the gladsome tidings beWhich inspire your heavenly song? Refrain Come to Bethlehem and seeHim whose birth the angels sing;Come, adore on bended knee,Christ the Lord, the newborn King. Refrain See Him in a manger laid,Whom the choirs of angels praise;Mary, Joseph, lend your aid,While our hearts in love we raise. Refrain The French Version (Les Anges Dans Nos Campagnes) Les anges dans nos campagnesOnt entonnà © lhymne des cieux;Et là ©cho de nos montagnesRedit ce chant mà ©lodieux.Gloria, in excelsis Deo,Gloria, in excelsis Deo. Bergers, pour qui cette fà ªte?Quel est lobjet de tous ces chants?Quel vainqueur, quelle conquà ªteMà ©rite ces cris triomphants?Gloria, in excelsis Deo,Gloria, in excelsis Deo. Ils annoncent la naissanceDu libà ©rateur dIsraà «l,Et pleins de reconnaissanceChantent en ce jour solennel.Gloria, in excelsis Deo,Gloria, in excelsis Deo. Bergers, loin de vos retraitesUnissez-vous leurs concertsEt que vos tendres musettesFassent retentir dans les airs:Gloria, in excelsis Deo,Gloria, in excelsis Deo. Cherchons tous lheureux villageQui la vu naà ®tre sous ses toits,Offrons-lui le tendre hommageEt de nos coeurs et de nos voix!Gloria, in excelsis Deo,Gloria, in excelsis Deo.

Monday, February 17, 2020

MGMT458 U5 IP Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MGMT458 U5 IP - Research Paper Example Leadership is defined broadly through a certain style, ability to influence others. Whether the leader is charismatic or transformational, he has power and uses it to affect the behavior and action of others. For years, leadership was studied as a mix of unique personality traits, such as intelligence and self- confidence. However, recently, the attention was turned to the styles of leadership behavior. They have been determined as democratic, authoritarian and laissez-faire. It is also essential that the companies were led by a polymath person, a person with an ability to cope with the complex tasks. History recognizes Leonardo da Vinci and Galileo as polymath leaders. Modern world polymaths are Bill Gates, Steve Jobs and Jeff Bezos. The CEO of Amazon Company, Jeff Bezos, started his business with the creation of small enterprise that sold books. By sustaining growth and development of his organization, with time, Bezos has created his name as a leader, creating one of the biggest retail organizations in the world. Today it is the huge company with a smile from A to Z, the company’s logo, which shows its willing to deliver everything to everyone. The major purpose of the services he offered was and is care of customers as the greatest value for the company. That is why during his employees meetings, there is a tradition to leave an empty chair, as a reminder that this is a customer’s one, and all the decisions staff makes will influence their consumers finally. This prioritizing of customer service helps the CEO and his staff to understand the needs and wants of each consumer and put customer on the first place. The way Jeff Bezos runs his business, displays him as the democratic leader. He conside rs freedom is impossible without the freedom of disputes, which finally brings new ideas and innovation. That is why, he holds the responsibility of the actions made by his

Monday, February 3, 2020

Minority Corporate Leader Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Minority Corporate Leader - Assignment Example The paper further draws clarity from the way a leader deals with situations and various outcomes. Upon keen exploration of Sage, it is clear that leaders have to enhance teamwork and approach every situation with a clear and innovative mind. Minority Corporate Leader Leadership is an indulging role in any sector. Leaders have to be assertive and make decisions depending on prevailing situations. Apparently, many decisions are made depending on the situation at hand. Some decisions require harnessing information and discussing with relevant stakeholders parties. With such an approach, a leader is definitely going to arrive at the right decision (Armstrong, 2011). However, neglecting some of these aspects could lead to poor decision making. For example, when making a decision in the nursing sector, there is the need to incorporate all the concerned parties. This will ensure that decision implementation is smooth and all inclusive. Ola Sage is 45 years old and exhibits the desirable cha racteristics of a leader. She is married and lives in Silver Spring. She holds a bachelor’s degree from Strayer University and a master’s degree from George Mason University. She is currently the CEO of E-management, which is a federal Information Technology company. Since its inception, Sage has been skeptical about improving the performance of the company to greater heights. In the initial stages, the company was struggling to stay put in the market since it was not attracting a large number of people in demand for its services. She has struggled to develop the company to reach out to a larger market in offering its services. Previously, Sage had dreams of becoming a concert pianist. However, she decided to concentrate on offering IT services. This was a successful idea as she is currently one of the most respected IT experts. The first aspect that should be considered in a leader is the way a leader overcomes barriers. In any sector, there is a high probability that there will be barriers, challenges and setbacks. Ola Sage is a leader that accepts challenges while managing other people. She states that a challenge in a work place strengthens a leader. As such, she is decisive and makes the appropriate changes when there are challenges. For example, the technology sector is changing and improving with each passing day. As such, there is a need for a leader that will give a positive approach to these enhancements (Reese, 2003). This includes purchase of better and improved technology. This ensures the organization is prepared to face all the other challenges in the sector. Similarly, Sage ensures all the other workers are incorporated into finding solutions for the barriers of success. Apparently, she states that a leader has to be on the forefront in overcoming barriers. Such a leader is destined for greatness as all the barriers and challenges will be solved in the meanest time. As such, the organization will be on a gradual improvement. Team building is an important aspect in an organization. An organization that ensures the workers are working as a team is on the verge of making positive accrual with time. For example, all the leaders should work in unison with the other workers. Sage acknowledges that all leaders should enhance team work each and every time in an organization. She states that people should accept that they are not able to make accomplishments on their own. As such, they should decipher that every person

Sunday, January 26, 2020

Leadership Values To Individuals And Society General Studies Essay

Leadership Values To Individuals And Society General Studies Essay Leadership is the art of making people to do what you want them to do. It is a process of influencing others working for the common good and common goals while offering purpose and paths to achieve that. The army defines leadership as influencing people by providing purpose, direction, and motivation, while operating to accomplish the mission and improve the organization (Army Leadership, Personnel General, Army Regulation 600-100). There are different approaches to leadership as transactional leadership, transformational leadership, situational leadership, and contingency leadership. Even that all these leadership approaches have similarities and differences they have all incorporated into them fear and/or respect as a mean to achieve goals. Looking at the leaders side this is his/her personal behavior and the environment that they surrounded with or they faced at the beginning of the career what actually shape their future style of leading. If one leader dealt with fear and pressur e from his/her supervisors, it is very likely that they will also treat their subordinates the same way. In the other hand, if the leader was treated with respect and this was what build and shaped his or her base of leadership it is very likely that he will treat his/her subordinates the same way. Even that there are different theories in the practice there always has been in question whether it is better to be feared or respected. And both of these are used in military leadership and in leadership in non-military organizations. It is very apparent that to some leaders only fear exists as a driving force toward achieving goals. They do not prefer to use other means as motivation for pushing their subordinates. In the other hand, seems that subordinates do not prefer fear to be their driving force. Instead they would like to have such a relationship that would push them to work tirelessly to satisfy their leader, but not fear. In this paper I am going to explore what does it mean for a leader to be feared or respected and what effect has it in his/her subordinates in particular or to the society in general based on personal experience as a cadet and what I learned and read about leadership. This paper actually is going to come across military leadership and leadership in non-military organizations. Respect by definition is esteem for or a sense of the worth or excellence of a person, a personal quality or ability, or something considered as a manifestation of a personal quality or ability (www.dictionary.com) respect is acknowledged to be a positive value that people posses. But people are not very conscious of what respect really means and of what significance it is. In most cases respect is perceived to as a judgment or opinion of someone not as a value. Based on my personal experience I can say that for respect to be durable it should be earned. It is important that a person should show respect to himself, to others (people that surround us), and try to earn the deserved respect. Since respect is viewed as a perspective for relationship, people decide whether it is achieved as a commitment for a successful relationship between people or whether it is part of our culture. For creating a world with collaboration and mutual respect we have to build a culture with worldwide respect and transmit our commitments toward others as respectable human beings. The basis for achieving respect in the leader-subordinate aspect is having satisfactory interactions with others. If there is a respectful environment there are possibilities for sharing vision, trust, mission, and there will be stronger teams within the organization to achieve common goals. A quote by Mark Clement says that leaders who win the respect of others are the ones who deliver more than they promise, not the ones who premise more that they can deliver. This shows that the influence of a leader is largely increased when he or she has the respect of the subordinates and through this they can achieve what is thought to be unachievable paving the road to success. But expecting to reach all the goals with only the respect of the subordinates might have shortcomings as well. Subordinates can be of a level not mature enough to understand what mutual respect means and this may turn against the leader. Also the leader might not make a realistic evaluation of the subordinates and as a result the reliance on the respect might end in catastrophe. Machiavelli in his book Prince gives several reasons why a leader should not rely on peoples respect because they are ungrateful, fickle, false, cowardly, covetous, and as long as you succeed they are yours entirely; they will offer you their blood, property, life and children. As is said above, when the need is far distant; but when it approaches they turn against you (Prince, 79). This actually tells that a leader must much more rely in his/her own forces and make a proper evaluation of the readiness of his/her subordinates in order to not have a catastrophic end. Among the very first things taught in military academies is respect. This is also taught to all soldiers. The very difference is that leaders have to know to win respect for themselves and for the others with whom they work and to create a respectful environment. Even that in militaries a straight chain of command exists there is an apparent need for respect. It is essential having respect for one another because that is actually what makes the military to operate. Having respect means also having trust between each other which essential for performing daily activities and during crisis. Without respect subordinates would always look for ways to escape from their leaders and things would hardly ever be done on time. There are several ways to earn respect in military. On and the most important one is by living with army values and becoming a role model for people that surround you. Moreover, the higher you go in ranks gives you a higher respect since earning higher ranks is not easily attained. In military when you have the respect of your subordinates it is much easier to empower them and delegate tasks without being reluctant that they will not perform well. Thus, it is worth quoting KPC (Kosovo Protection Corps) Officers Manual 103, which states that mutual respect will create a bond between officers and soldiers and it will always be there when tough times appear. There are certain ways to show that you respect someone. If you always tell the truth in good or bad times it is a sign of respect, if you make promises and keep them it is a sign of respect, and if you treat all your subordinates at the same level it is a sign of respect. There are many cases in which leaders were respected. This was actually the main driving force of peoples belief on their leaders and their decisions to be implied. Sir Winston Churchill was one of the most respected leaders in history. He led United Kingdom during the most difficult times. He had many cases when he had to make tough decisions that were not very popular but were very well accepted. These decisions were accepted only for a reason, the respect that people had for him. In the other hand, the other component of authority is fear. This derives mainly from the capacity of the leader to punish his/her subordinates. Some leaders have coercive power and use as the main tool in achieving their goals. These types of leaders tend to believe that through coercion you can achieve much more because you get the most from subordinate since they fear you. This derives from the belief that if someone fears you he or she will do anything just to not put into question your authority. Fearing the leader is a process that starts when subordinates come to contact for any sort information about this particular leader. They might hear that from the other fellow employees or other soldiers if military organization, that the leader is really a person who punishes in hardest way. In the book Prince, Machiavelli believes that it is impossible to achieve both respect and fear but when you have to choose between them fear is much more productive. He states that since you canno t trust people in tough times and it is better to be feared because fear preserves you by a dread of punishment which never fails you (Prince, 80). The coercive power mentioned above is based on fear and is the ability to punish someone for any noncompliance. One way that leaders coerce their subordinates is by showing them that they are not complying with the process enforced by leader. However, also by fear and coercion can be achieved a lot of results. In the military fear of leader exists in all levels, from the newly recruits up to the senior officers. In the beginning of the military career soldiers fear from the leader because he can use his power and authority to punish them, which can have a negative result in their career. Interesting is the fact that these new soldiers have their utmost respect for their commander but yet fear has more influence than respect. This is much related to the stages of individual development and to the environment they perform in. There are a lot of cases that soldiers do things only regarding to the fear they have from their leader. There are also a lot of leaders that use fear upon their subordinates even that they complained when their former leaders used coercion on them. A good example of a leader who used fear could be Enver Hoxha, the communist leader of Albania. He was considered to be the best man to lead Albania after World War II. He had graduated from a prominent French University and fought heroically during the war. But Albanian people turned to be wrong. As he came to power he started eliminating his opponents and anyone who could come on his way. The most known eliminations were deportation, imprisonment, family punishments and not excluding killing people. These eliminations had a very high psychological effect on the population. During this time Albania became a country where the continuous repression had affected everyone. This paper has been an overview of two sides of conceptualization of leadership by subordinates, respect and fear. Fear has the tendency to make employees or soldiers perform better and achieve results but they feel unworthy as individuals. Respect is much more welcomed because it makes employees or soldiers to feel more confident and to feel themselves as part of team. At the military point of view much respect is assigned to certain positions and ranks but only the real respect is the everlasting one. In conclusion I think that in order to be a properly respected leader you must at first show respect. If you earn to the respect of the employees is much easier to accomplish goals, also the job performed by the subordinates will be of a higher level. The point is that if you earn the respect of the employees or the soldiers in a military organization, they will perform accordingly whatever the situation or when not under direct supervision. Promoting respect to any organization gives a dose of authority through influencing people. We should always try to make respect the core of our relationship with others. Having a mutual respect with subordinates only brings us success and continuous improvements. This kind of relationship will have sincerity at the top of it something that will create an everlasting desire and willingness to help each other. Only the true respect will inspire the subordinates to perform their best, and their best means the best for leader.

Saturday, January 18, 2020

Case study Nivea Essay

NIVEA FOR MEN wanted to increase its share of the UK male skincare market. This case study examines how NIVEA re-launched the NIVEA FOR MEN range in 2008. This was part of its overall plan to develop the range in the UK. It shows how the company developed a marketing plan for the relaunch and organised its marketing activities to achieve its aims and objectives. The study focuses on how a company can respond to changes in consumer expectations, external influences and business aims to achieve those objectives. What is a marketing plan? A business needs to set its overall direction for the company through a business plan. This plan sets out how the company is to achieve its aims. The aims and objectives of a business inform and shape its business plan. A vital part of the overall business plan is the marketing plan. The relationship between the two plans is shown in the diagram. 105 32184_NIVEA:NIVEA STUDY V6 23/6/09 15:25 Page 2 Marketing involves identifying, anticipating and satisfying customer needs. A marketing plan takes the stated aims and objectives and then puts in place a series of marketing activities to ensure those objectives are achieved. Marketing plans can cover any time period, but normally set out activities for the next one to five years at either a business or brand level. www.thetimes100.co.uk GLOSSARY Brand: A name, symbol or design used to identify a specific product and to differentiate it from its competitors. SWOT analysis: Identification and evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses inside a firm and the opportunities and threats in its external environment. Return on investment: The return on the funds invested in the business. Profits: money that is earned in trade or business, after paying the costs of producing and selling goods and services. The main sections of the plan cover: †¢ SWOT and competitive analysis – to assess where the business or brand is currently and what competitors are doing †¢ objectives – what the plan needs to achieve †¢ the marketing strategy – how the objectives will be achieved †¢ sales forecast – by how much sales are likely to increase †¢ budget – how much the marketing activities will cost and how the plan will be financed †¢ evaluation – how outcomes will be monitored and measured. There is no set model for a marketing plan. The structure of the plan – and the amount of detail – will depend on the size of the brand, the timescale involved and how the market and economy is behaving. However, NIVEA’s marketing plan for the relaunch of NIVEA FOR MEN follows closely the outline described here. Assessing the market The first step in devising a marketing plan is to conduct an evaluation of the business, its brands and products. This should include an assessment of the brand’s position and the state of the market. NIVEA FOR MEN needs to know what its male customers want and what competitor products exist. As well as targeting the male consumer, women are also an important target market for NIVEA FOR MEN. This is because women often buy male grooming products for their partners as well as helping them choose which products to buy. NIVEA FOR MEN used a SWOT analysis to help it assess the market. This takes a detailed look at the internal strengths and weaknesses of the business, as well as external opportunities and threats in the marketplace. NIVEA FOR MEN identified several strengths †¢ NIVEA FOR MEN was the UK market leading male facial skincare brand* which gave it strong brand recognition. †¢ The company had a sound financial base, so it had the resources to put together a strong marketing campaign. †¢ It also had staff with relevant skills – researchers with the scientific skills to develop products that men want and marketing staff with the skills to help promote these products effectively. As the leading male facial brand, NIVEA FOR MEN needed also to be aware of any weaknesses †¢ Was the product range still relevant for the target audience? †¢ Did it have the right sales and distribution outlets? †¢ Was its market research up-to-date? S WO T One clear opportunity was that the market was growing However, as the market for male skincare products grows, there are threats †¢ NIVEA FOR MEN had seen an increase in the sales of male skincare products and it wanted a greater share of this market. †¢ The company wanted to take advantage of changing social attitudes. Men were becoming more open, or certainly less resistant, to facial skincare products. †¢ Consumers were becoming more knowledgeable and price conscious. They often expect sales promotions such as discounts and offers. †¢ The risk of competitors entering the market. NIVEA FOR MEN needed to differentiate its products in order to ensure that, in an increasingly competitive market, its marketing activity gave positive return on investment in terms of sales and profits. * NIVEA FOR MEN the UK’s leading male skincare brand (IRI Data to 27th Dec 2008). Page 3 Setting objectives A successful marketing plan relies on setting clear and relevant objectives. These must relate directly to the business’ overall aims and objectives. In other words, the marketing plan must fit with the overall company strategy that is set out in the business plan. Beiersdorf states its goal as ‘†¦to increase our market share through qualitative growth. At the same time we want to further improve our sound earnings performance so that we can fulï ¬ l our consumers’ wishes and needs with innovations today and in the future. This will give us a strong position within the global competitive environment.’ The marketing team set SMART objectives for the NIVEA FOR MEN relaunch. These are Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic (given the available resources) and Time constrained (to be achieved by a given date). The marketing team used research data to forecast market trends over the next three-to-five years. This helped them set specific targets for increasing sales, growing market share and improving its brand image. Beiersdorf wanted to increase its UK market share for NIVEA FOR MEN, but also wanted greater market penetration for male skincare products. In other words, it wanted not just a greater share of the existing market; it wanted to expand that market. It wanted more men buying skincare products. One key aim was to move men from just considering skincare products to making actual purchases. It also aimed to sell more male skincare products to women. Research had indicated that women were often the initial purchaser of skincare products for men. NIVEA FOR MEN used this key fact as a way to increase opportunities for sales. Another objective was to develop the NIVEA FOR MEN brand image. The NIVEA brand has always stood for good quality products that are reliable, user-friendly and good value for money. The brand’s core values are security, trust, closeness and credibility. These values would be strengthened and expanded on with the re-launch, to get more men and women to think of NIVEA as first choice for skincare. www.thetimes100.co.uk GLOSSARY SMART objectives: Framework for constructing objectives in a way that meets a business aim. Marketing strategies: Longterm plans designed to enable an organisation to identify and meet the wants and needs of its customers. Promotion: Making products and services better known through a range of activities. Marketing strategies The NIVEA FOR MEN team devised marketing strategies to deliver its objectives. These strategies set out how the objectives would be achieved within the designated budget set by the management team. Two strategies: This focus on product development combined with an emphasis on consumer needs is a key differentiator for NIVEA FOR MEN. It is a major reason why in the UK the brand is still the market leader in the male facial skincare market*. Another cornerstone of the UK marketing strategy for the re-launch was promotion. NIVEA sought to build on and develop the approach it had used in the past. In the 1980s, advertising in men’s style and fashion magazines along with product sampling was a major promotional tool. In the 1990s, the company used radio, television and press advertising together with sampling. Since 2000, there has been a greater emphasis on consumer needs and an increasing use of experiential activities in the promotional mix. Experiential marketing is about engaging consumers through two-way communications that bring brand personalities to life and add value to the target audience. This helps build an emotional connection between the brand and the consumers. * NIVEA FOR MEN the UK’s leading male skincare brand (IRI Data to 27th Dec 2008). 107 32184_NIVEA:NIVEA STUDY V6 23/6/09 www.thetimes100.co.uk GLOSSARY Above-the-line promotions: Direct expenditure on advertising, such as for a TV commercial. Below-the-line promotions: Indirect expenditure on promotion, such as through free gifts, PR or competitions. Brand affinity: How well customers identify with the brand. Evaluation: A systematic process that seeks to determine the worth, value or meaning of something. Key performance indicators: Financial and non-financial measures to monitor performance across a range of activities within a function, department or role. 15:25 Page 4 It is important to get the promotional balance right. NIVEA FOR MEN promoted the new launches of its products through a mixture of above-the-line and below-the-line promotion. The use of sport was a key element here. NIVEA FOR MEN supported football events at a grass-roots level through its partnership with Powerleague to build positive relationships with men. This helped create stronger brand affinity for NIVEA FOR MEN among men. It also allowed the brand to build and maintain a consistent dialogue with men, which helps to drive sales. Above-the-line promotion included television and cinema adverts, which reached a wide audience. By using links with sport, NIVEA FOR MEN aimed to build a positive male image associated with male facial skincare. The brand also benefited from press advertorials in popular men’s magazines, making the daily usage of their products more acceptable. Promotions were used to attract new customers. For example, the distribution of free samples encouraged trial of NIVEA FOR MEN products which drove purchase. These promotions have helped build up brand awareness and consumer familiarity which reinforce the NIVEA FOR MEN brand presence. There is a dedicated NIVEA FOR MEN website to support its products and provide information to educate men on their skincare needs. To enhance the brand a tool called a ‘Configurator’ was created on the website to help customers specify their skin type and find the product that best suits their needs. Conclusion – evaluating the plan The Times Newspaper Limited and  ©MBA Publishing Ltd 2009. Whilst every effort has been made to ensure accuracy of information, neither the publisher nor the client can be held responsible for errors of omission or commission. The marketing plan is a cycle that begins and ends with evaluation. The final stage in the marketing plan is to measure the outcomes of the marketing activities against the original objectives and targets. Continuous evaluation helps the marketing team to focus on modifying or introducing new activities to achieve objectives. 108 NIVEA FOR MEN adopted a range of key performance indicators to assess the success of the NIVEA FOR MEN re-launch in the UK. It looked at: †¢ market share – Did the re-launch accelerate this growth and help achieve its market share objectives? NIVEA FOR MEN is market leader in many countries and is consistently gaining additional market share. †¢ overall sales – Was this in line with objectives? Internationally, NIVEA FOR MEN skincare products grew by almost 20%. Its sales in the UK market at retail in 2008 were nearly  £30 million and in line with expectations. †¢ brand image ratings – NIVEA FOR MEN was the Best Skincare Range winner in the FHM Grooming Award 2008 for the fifth year running. This award was voted for by consumers. It illustrates that NIVEA FOR MEN has an extremely positive brand image with consumers compared to other brands. †¢ product innovation – In response to consumer feedback and following extensive product innovation and development, the NIVEA FOR MEN range has been expanded and the existing formulations improved. These results show that, in the UK, the NIVEA FOR MEN re-launch met its overall targets, which was a significant achievement, considering the difficult economic climate. The marketing plan for the re-launch used past performance and forecast data to create a new marketing strategy. This built on the brand and company’s strengths to take advantage of the increasing change of male attitudes to using skincare products. Questions 1. Describe two pieces of data that NIVEA used when preparing its marketing plan to relaunch NIVEA FOR MEN. 2. Explain why NIVEA used football sponsorship to help increase its sales of NIVEA FOR MEN products. 3. Using the case study, put together a SWOT analysis of NIVEA’s position just before the relaunch of NIVEA FOR MEN. www.niveaformen.co.uk 4. Discuss how effective you think the marketing plan for NIVEA FOR MEN has been.

Friday, January 10, 2020

The Fundamentals of Topics on Expository Essay Revealed

The Fundamentals of Topics on Expository Essay Revealed Topics on Expository Essay Secrets Introduction, body and conclusion are the 3 principal sections of an essay that you have to concentrate on to compose an explanatory essay. If this is the case, you might have a fantastic beginning to your expository essay. Keep in mind every tiny thing you need to mention in your essay needs to be well-reasoned. When you're assigned to compose an expository essay, the very first thing you will have to know is the way to write it. After all, your essay must be a coherent bit of writing, thus a smooth transition is occasionally obligatory. For this reason, you have to organize your paper. A good thesis statement contributes to a good essay. The vital part of an expository essay is it is exploratory in nature. Expository writing is usually done to notify the readers or explain a particular topic. Expository essay is a significant method to educate your readers on any topic by only providing useful information without attempting to convince a reader to modify her or his beliefs. Your essay is supposed to concentrate on why schools insist their students learn a foreign language and the way it can really help in someone's overall improvement. In classification essays, students are expected to classify and organize things in line with the predefined criteria. Hence they should develop a habit to relax and practice mindfulness every day. Some students utilize essay writing services in order that they can se cure a custom-made sample to utilize for practice. The Lost Secret of Topics on Expository Essay The intent of any expository writing is to reveal the characteristics of notions indicated in the subject. Focus on your language as it ought to be eerror-free Imagine your essay is a precious stone and produce all its faces shine using an easily readable and unique language. Most writing you are going to have to do in your professional life will involve a great deal of expository content also. The source of social problems is not easy to exhaust because new problems intensively show up in the society. The Bad Side of Topics on Expository Essay Without an essay outline, it would be hard to recall the necessary sections, arguments, logical stream of essay, and general structure. Expository essay outline resembles all kinds of essays since it requires an introduction, body and conclusion. Every essay has an identical structure, and you may never fail if your paper has a good intro duction, a coherent primary body and a concise conclusion. Thus, the secret to successfully writing premium-grade essays is having a crystal clear comprehension of the subject. When you've chosen one subject from the scope of expository essay topics, it's time to begin writing. While writing an expository essay, specificity concerning the topic is crucial. Yes, picking a topic isn't simple. It's far better to opt for a topic from daily life to make it even more relatable. Once you have done that, start looking for some more information regarding the topics and when you're certain that the very first topic on your list satisfies you, start planning your essay. Instead, you are going to be objective concerning the topic. Locate the trustworthy information for the essay topic you are likely to work on. Likewise a narrow topic won't have sufficient info to compose a productive essay. What You Should Do to Find Out About Topics on Expository Essay Before You're Left Behind There's, clearly, a limit on the variety of pages even our very best writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but generally, we can satisfy all the clients seeking urgent assistance. There are dozens and dozens of compelling topics out there which can be meticulously explored, but choosing one that you're interested in would help it become a small bit easier and more fun. If you've got to choose the topic, then at first think about the area of interest in which you'll be abl e to work with some encouragementand enjoyment. There are separate guides on the suitable means to form a bibliography. Therefore, the expository essay is an academic paper that's intended to explain something, to convey a particular message. Consider a book which you've read and really enjoyed. After you've decided on an expository essay topic, you will likely need several strategies about how to organize the procedure for writing. You won't ever find any bit of your essay on the web, as we always check the papers on the ideal plagiarism detector. The Pain of Topics on Expository Essay The goal of the expository essay is to expand the info on this issue in a logical method. There is no lack of methods to compose expository essays. The expository essay aims to supply the reader or listener with some well-grounded info and analysis of some matter. Writing your essay by yourself isn't always possible due to many constraints like time crunch, an emergency, etc.. Try to re member that expository essays are intended to explain something as opposed to give personal opinions on a specific subject or event. As a consequence, there is an abundance of ideas for expository essay prompts. An expository essay consists of facts. It is a piece of academic writing aimed to provide explanations of various things.

Wednesday, January 1, 2020

The Difference Between Of and From

Many English learners have difficulties understanding the difference between the prepositions of and from in English. This comes from the fact that a number of languages, like Italian, French, and German, use the same preposition for both of and from. For example, in Italian, the phrase I am from Milan or I come from Milan can be translated as, Sono di Milano. The possessive use of of in English can also use the preposition di in Italian. For example, the phrase, Hes a friend of ours can be translated into Italian as, E un amico di noi. In other words, the preposition di in Italian corresponds to the use of both from and of in English. This is true in many languages. In English, however, there is a distinct difference between of and from. Using Of in a Sentence Of is mainly used as a possessive. For example: Hes a friend of mine.The color of the house is red. It is important to remember that it is more common to use the possessive s or the possessive adjective in English than to use of—even if of is grammatically correct. Thus, the sentences above would generally be in these forms: Hes my friend.The houses color is red. Common Phrases With Of Of is also commonly used with all and both to describe a common trait that many objects share. For example: All of the students in the class enjoy volleyball.Both of the assignments are due at the end of the week. Common Phrases With Of Another common phrase with of is one of the superlative form plural noun singular verb. This phrase is commonly used to focus on a specific object that stands out from a group. Notice that although the plural noun is used, the singular phrase takes the singular conjugation of the verb because the subject is One of the.... For example: One of the most interesting things about my job is the people I meet.One of the most difficult subjects for me is math. Using From in a Sentence From is generally used to express that something originates from something else, that something comes from somewhere, or some person. For example: Jack comes from Portland.This formula derives from the work of Peter Schimmel.This pearl comes from the South Pacific. Common Phrases With From From can also be used with the prepositions to and until to mark the beginning and ending point of time of an action or state. Generally, from...to is used with past tenses, while from...until is used when speaking about future actions. However, from...to can be used in most situations. For example: I played tennis from two to four in the afternoon yesterday.We are meeting in Chicago from Monday until Thursday. Understanding the difference between of  and from can be tricky at first for ESL students, but like all commonly-confused words, the difference between them becomes more clear the more they are used.