Juvenile Probation Officers Essay Example for Free

Juvenile Probation Officers Essay all(prenominal) Juvenile Probation Officers (JPO) are required to complete 40 working hours per week following a waxy work schedule. JPOs are entitled to remunerative working holidays which includes, but are not limited to, New Years Day, Memorial Day, Independence Day, working class Day, Thanksgiving Day and Christmas Day. Please note that in the occasion that the holiday falls on a Saturday or Sunday, another day off may be substituted, upon approval of the employer.JPOs may also be granted a holiday leave after six months of sustained service has been rendered. The number of vacation leave, however, leave behind depend on the number of years in service, with a maximum of 15 days for those having rendered at least one year of continuous service. JPOs are also entitled to family leaves in cases of giving birth or conception-related cases, adoption, care of new-born child, family illness, childs medical appointment of parent-teacher confe rence Health Insurance.All employees are entered in a group health insurance under a health maintenance organization (HMO) as approved by two-thirds of the mass during the General Assembly Meeting. The group insurance will cover hospitalization, health, long-tern disability, and accident expenses. Employer contribution starting January 2007 will be $557 per month. As such, premiums required for maintenance of the insurance, in excess of the employers contribution, shall be deducted by the state treasurer on the JPOs salary on a monthly basis and upon employees written order. seclusion/ savings plan. After achieving five years of continuous service, provided that the employee is 50 years of age, a JPO is entitled to a retirement benefit which will be computed ground on the employees age of retirement, length of service, and pre-retirement earnings. Employees may opt for a normal or early retirement, the latter, however, will deduct the accrued benefits for the years earlier to th e normal retirement age.The employee may choose to receive payment of benefits on a straight conduct annuity where the retiree will be paid on a periodic basis or lump-sum payment where the retiree will receive the full one-time payment and no further benefits will be given to the employee upon receipt of payment. Other options will be joint-and-survivor annuity where benefits are provided for married participants. The amount of survivor annuity shall be between 50-100% of the amount due for the time the couple is alive.The amount, however, will be lower than that received from straight life annuity. In cases where an employee become totally disabled or ill prior to his eligibility in the retirement plan, but has served the company for 10 consecutive years, he will be entitled for a disability retirement benefit, which he could bend or immediately claim. Life insurance. In cases of death or dismemberment of employees, they will be entitled to a life insurance benefit which will b e paid in lump sum following the multiple-of-earnings formula.Using this formula, the length of service and earnings of the employee will be incorporated in the enumeration and will therefore increase following an increase in employees salary. Provisions for the life insurance includes accidental death and dismemberment benefits to the employee or his benefactive role equivalent to the basic life insurance and a percentage of the life benefit for dismemberment monthly income to surviving family members of the employee retirement from work and reduction of life insurance for employees near or above 65 years.

Catch Me if You Can Essay Example for Free

detain Me if You Can EssayTheory q 325 Karla Pope Catch Me if You Can Catch Me if You Can is a movie based off the true story of Frank Abagnale, Jr, who mpersonated a locomote Am Air buffer, a paediatric doctor, and a lawyer, and accumulated over 2. 8 million dollars through these impersonations as wellspring as take hold fraud all betore his nineteenth birthday. The movie starts ott as a game snow where the con gametestants question three men all dressed as airline pilots, unrivalled of them being the real Frank Abagnale Jr. by dint of a series of cut sceens, we draw young Frank as a teenager sprightliness happily in a grand plate with his fetch, a French woman named Paula Abagnale, and his American military veteran father, Frank Abagnale, Sr. This appiness was soon cracked, however, as the family runs into trouble with the IRS, forcing them to move out of their home and into a smaller apartment. Paula, dissatisfied with her new life, ends up cheating on her husband with his best friend and take downtually filing for divorce. When she tries to redeem her son to choose betwixt the two of them, he freaks out and runs away.While struggling to live on his own, Frank runs out of notes, starting him down his path as one of the youngest con artists during his time. After getting turned down from the bank after essay to cash his very irst fake check, he decides to impersonate a genus Pan Am Air pilot, conning the company into giving him a uniform while forging his credentials and passport. After gaining too much publicity doing this, he ends up pretend to be a pediatric doctor in gallium, where he falls in love with a girl named Brenda, who thinks hes a doctor as well as a lawyer from Harvard.He ends up resigning as a lawyer to protect his identity after a real Harvard graduate at the firm started poking around into his background. He eventually is forced to run again as he realizes that FBI Agent Carl Hanratty, who has been chasing after him this whole time, is onto him again, escaping to Europe where he is eventually found by Carl in France, printing his own checks. After spending about a year in Perpignan Prison, Carl got him deported back to America. After try to escape upon short-changeing that his father died, he was caught in front of his mothers new house and went to prison.Eventually, after helping Carl with a check fraud case, Frank is transferred from prison into FBI custody to work under Carls supervision. When he becomes bored, he tried to run again, but nevitably returns after a confrontation with Carl at the airport, continuing to help pinch con men and check fraud with his experience. There be many theories in this movie, but the primary, main one that was obvious to me was shrewd Choice possibility. With Rational Choice theory is defined the view that crime is a function of a decision- making process in which the potential offender weighs the potential be and benefits of an illegal act. . What thi s means is that the criminal (or would be criminal) is faced with a choice due to the set of circumstances that he is in and weighs the ros and cons of an act that he/she knows is wrong. In this movie, Frank is faced with many choices due to different circumstances that all lead back to his first act of desperation. When his parents try and force him to choose betwixt them, he instead runs away, staying in a hotel as he tries to get himself together. When he runs out of money, he is kicked out, leaving him with a dilemma.How to get more money so he can live? There are many options open to him, but he chooses check fraud because not only does he see it as the easiest way to survive, but also the best way that he knows to get money. However, after his check is rejected, he turns instead to impersonating a Pan Am pilot after seeing one sign autographs to a small child outside the bank. After acquiring a uniform from the company by saying that he lost his, he forges his credentials and passports after he creates a fake, Pan Am Air salary check and successfully cashing it in.His need for money to survive on his own drives these decisions to act on these illegal activities, outweighing the cost ne will end up paying for committing them. crash of the Rational Choice Theory is whatever techniques the criminal learns and perfects to avoid detection from authorities. Franks first run in with authority is when FBI Agent Carl Hanratty tracks him through his forged Pan Am bills toa hotel he was staying at. In Frank and Carls first shock, Frank impersonates a Secret Service agent named Barry Allen (after The Flash) when confronted by Carls gun, convincing the agent long replete in order for him to escape.After his close call, he retires to Georgia, where he impulsively convinces the hospital and town that he is a Harvard medical doctor after meeting a new, young nurse named Brenda, whom he ends up falling in love with. The branch that Frank as assigned to was chief doct or of the pediatric ward, where they dont do much work. The motivation behind this was to get closer to Brenda, whom he had an attraction to when he first met her. His growing love for Brenda outweighs the consequences that come with impersonating a doctor, as well as the potential lives hell endanger under his care.He also passes the bar exam to become a lawyer after Brenda introduces him to her parents as such. He eventually has to run again, however because both the firm and Carl are putting pressure on him. He assumes his pilot identity again. In the starting signal of the film, with the game show, fake Frank 1 says that the reason he chose to pretend to be each of these professions was because he was young and needed money, and that, instead of actually nerve-wracking to legally go through the training to BE a pilot, doctor, or lawyer was because it seemed easier than to go through all that trouble.Another theory that I see present in this movie is Social Control Theory. Soci al Control Theory is when people commit illegal acts when the bindings of the society they live in are either weakened or broken. When we see Frank when he was ounger, he was in a good school living in a big house with his American veteran father and French mother. His father was a part of the rotary club and was inducted as a lifetime member, giving him majuscule status in the community. However, he had problems with the IRS, and was denied a business loan. This led them to give up their house and move into a much smaller apartment.While this isnt considered illegal, Paula, Franks mother cheated on her husband, Frank Sr. , with his best friend and eventually filed for a divorce so she could marry his friend. This was largely due to the fact that she was used to living a larger life with Frank Sr. nd when they were forced to move because of money problems, she grew dissatisfied. When Frank Jr. finds out about the divorce, they try to get him to choose between two of them, he freake d out and ran away. This led to the decisions he would make in the future as his need for money to survive increased. well-nigh other elements of this, mainly the self-control portion, is also seen in this movie. There is a scene when he is pretending to be a doctor in Georgia when a little boy with an injured leg is brought in. Since he hasnt the first clue as to how to fix the childs leg, he talks his interns into oing it by using the nomenclature he heard off of a medical tv show before running off and throwing up in the sink of the bathroom. It was clear that he knew his boundaries in this role and, instead of making it worse and possibly endangering the childs life, he had the people under him that actually had training in this fix the boys leg.One occasion that I could also see in the film was a form of Social Learning Theory. Social learning theory is when a criminal learns their merchandise by watching more experienced peoples actions. In one instance, his father was taki ng him to the bank and stopped by a tuxedo store. Even though the store was closed, his father managed to con the lady into opening the shop for them so that he could buy his son a suit to make him look respectable by presenting the woman with a necklace he had found outside in the parking lot.Frank tried to use this same technique later, the first attempt, trying to cash his first forged check, was unsuccessful, but his second, tricking a flight while pretending to be a Pan Am pilot, was successful. Another element of this theory is when he decided to impersonate a Pan Am pilot. He studied as much as he could about the paychecks a pilot received, how much they make, even anaging to get a hold of an expired FFA license from a former pilot he was interviewing for a school article and the check template for their pay checks .Elements of Neutralization Theory techniques are also in this movie. Neutralization Theory states that a criminal must learn and master techniques that modify t hem to neutralize conventional values and attitudes, which enables them to drift back and forth between illegitimate and conventional behavior. Some of the elements of this theory include respect and admiration for honest, civilian people such as baseball layers, priests, teachers, or in this case, fathers.Frank was always trying to make his father proud throughout the movie, sending him letter of his glamorized accomplishments, meeting his father for lunch in his pilot uniform, even giving his father an expensive car with the money he had earned. Another person he looked up to was Carl Hanratty himself. He called Carl every Christmas, seeming to look up to him as a father fgure, even though Carl was trying to apprehend him. He even placed his complete trust in Carl when the agent finally caught up to him and placed im under arrest.Another element of Neutralization Theory is when criminals of this nature accommodate to the same social obligations as the rest of society. Frank can be seen hosting a party at the house he lived in with many, many young, privileged people over, socializing with most all of them. There are also some small incidents of Social reception (Labeling) Theory in this movie. Social Reaction Theory explains criminal careers in terms of stigma-producing encounters. One such encounter is after Frank quits being both a doctor and a lawyer and goes back to impersonating a Pan Am pilot.He does a follow up interview with the former air pilot, and in this he learn that the press has found out about him and wrote about him in the paper. When he finds out they call him the Airway Man, the James adherence of the Sky, he goes out and watches one of the Bond movies in the theater. After this, he is inspired to go out and get an exact replica of the suit, even doing and almost exact impersonation of Bond in the film. This seems to boost his ego extremely high. In the end, however, he is caught by Carl in his mothers hometown in France and is conv inced to turn himself in.He spends a few age in Perpignan Prison before Carl comes to get him. He is sick due to the living conditions, and fakes a faint in order to get out of the tuck in cell and tries to escape. He is caught, however, and taken back to the USA, where, after two more attempted escapes, one where he is caught and the other when Carl confronts him but refuses to catch him, comes and works at the FBI in the check fraud unit under Carls supervision.

Effect of Binocular Cues Removal on Skill Abilities

Effect of Binocular Cues Removal on Skill AbilitiesHow the removal of binocular cues affects males and females skill power performanceAbstractTo test whether skill ability was impaired when binocular cues were upstage, participants accomplished a roll-telegram undertaking under three different conditions. Participants released this task using binocular passel or with raft in their dominant or non-dominant eye plainly. As well as this, to test the hunter-gatherer hypothesis that females volitioning perform better than males at a the task as it apply near-sight hatful the sample was dual-lane into males and females. The results lay down that participants performance was consistently enhanced when they completed the task using binocular romance rather than monocular passel, however there was no strong difference embed in performance between sexual activitys. The results from this try out suggest that binocular cues do pretend an importance in performing skill ability tasks but this performance does not differ between genders. incomingNumerous research into vision has shown that individuals have binocular cues which allow them to perceive three-dimensional images and judge the surmount of objects. Due to the eyes different position on the head severally eye perceives an image slightly different in terms of its location, this is known as binocular disparity. Therefore when viewing an object the star combines information it receives from both eyes, it is this disparity which when converged together allows an individual to recognise depth.Studies such as Loftus, Servos, Goodale, Mendarozqueta Mon-Williams (2004) investigated the difference between binocular and monocular vision in various tasks that regard prehension. Their results found that binocular information provides an important manipulation in the position of the hand relative to target, this suggests that binocular vision provides information which helps individuals judge distance.Re search has alike found that participants are better at skills that involve movements of the body when they have binocular vision rather than monocular vision. Oliver, Weeks, Lyons, Ricker Elliott (1998) studied participants ability to catch a puffiness when using binocular and monocular vision. As expected, participants consistently performed better when they had binocular vision, supporting the theory that binocular vision provides an individual with additional information about distance and depth of objects.Research has found an favour in binocular vision in prehension and movement tasks, however the aim of this pack is to look at the difference between binocular and monocular vision when participants have to perform a task that involves them using a tool. A carry conducted by get wind, Begum, McDonald Trowbridge (2013) aimed to look at participants performance on task which involves them using tools. Participants completed a exemplification Morrisby Fine Dexterity Test , a modified Morrisby Test and a buzz outfit task, they completed the task with binocular vision or vision in their left or right eye lonesome(prenominal). Results found that participants performance was enhanced when they affaird both of their eyes to complete the task, furthermore, the binocular advantage was greater in tasks that required them to use a tool.It can be argued that research in to the advantage of binocular vision ignores the differences across genders. Abramov, Gordon, Feldman Chavarga (2012), found that previous research repeatedly neglects the idea that there may be gender differences in vision. Out of virtually four-hundred studies they found that only a small percentage of studies (23.4%) took in to consideration gender differences within their samples. Many other sensory modalities, such as audition, has found sex differences, suggesting that it is likely that there will also be a difference in vision.Abramov et al (2012) conducted research that found sex differences in vision the hunter-gatherer- hypothesis can be used to explain this difference. The hypothesis suggests that due to the different roles males and females had in early hunter-gatherers , males have adapted to be better at far-sight vision whereas females adapted to be better at near-sight vision. This is because in the past males were seen to be the more powerful gender so would take on the role of hunting possible prey, while females gathered food from nearby. It could be argued that this difference in early-hunter gathers resulted in a gender difference in terms of vision.This study will replicate the buzz telegraph task used in Read et al (2013) study in arrange to investigate whether participants ability to use tools is impaired when binocular depth cues are removed, as well as looking at gender difference within performance. This will provide advancements on Read et al (2013) and provide further research on the binocular advantage which occurs on tasks that requi re an individual to use tools. The study expects that overall, participants performance will be enhanced when they have binocular vision rather that monocular vision, moreover, there will be an expectancy for females to perform better than males throughout all tasks. methodParticipantsForty-one males and forty-three females students were recruited to take part in the look into. Half of the students took part as a compulsory part of their second year of Psychology, the remaining one-half were recruited by opportunity sampling.ApparatusA buzz wire task , based on a childrens toy, was used to complete the experimentation. This involved a wire (74cm) which travelled across a base (35cm). In order to make the test more challenging the wire was curved and adjusted to construct a three dimensional shape. Participants were provide with glasses which had one side blacked out with tape, the glasses were reversible so the same frame could be used for each condition. The time it took for part icipants to complete the task was timed manually using a stopwatch.DesignThis experiment used a within-subjects design which consisted of three levels. There were 2 dependent variables within this study, how long it takes participants to complete the tasks and the amount of time they came into bear on with the wire. The independent variables was whether participants completed the task using binocular vision or with vision in either their dominant or non-dominant eye. The experiment was counterbalanced to avoid extraneous variables, participants were randomly allocated to one out of a possible six orders in which they completed the task.ProcedureParticipants first had to identify their dominant eye before completing the experiment. To do this the participants had to hold their thumb at arms lengths and align it against a vertical line. They were then told to shut each eye one at a time, the eye which the thumb appeared most aligned with was classed as their dominant eye. later ide ntifying the dominant eye the participants were then told which order they had to complete the experiment. Participants then completed the experiment three clock, either without the glasses (binocular vision), or wearing the glasses so that their dominant or non-dominant eye was covered (monocular vision). The experiment involved participants guiding the wire loop around the complex track trying to be streamlined but accurate. Each time the participant came into contact with the track a buzzing sound occurred, indicating that the participant had make one error.ResultsEach participant produced a total of six scores, three scores represent how long it took the participant to complete the task (time score) and a score of how many times they came into contact with the wire (buzz score) for each of the three levels. All participants scores where then combined together to produce an average time and buzz score for each of the three levels. These averages are represented in figure 1 and figure 2. bode 1 Participants typify and (standard deviation) of how long to complete the buzz wire task in secondsFigure 2 Participant mean (standard deviation) for the amount of times participant came into contact with wireA paired samples t-test was conducted to test whether there was a difference between participants performance when using their dominant and non-dominant eye in how long it took them to complete the task. The t-test found no significant difference in how long it took participants to complete the experiment, t (83) = 1.010, p = .316, suggesting that no matter which eye they used it had no effect on how long it took them to complete the task. As there was no difference found, participants times score on the dominant eye and non-dominant eye condition were combined together to produce an overall monocular time score. This times score had a mean (standard deviation) of 40.33 (19.35).However, a paired samples t-test did find a significant difference between the amoun t of times participants came into contact with the wire when using their dominant and non-dominant eye, t (83) = 2.313, p = .023., this suggest that participants came into contact with the wire significantly more when using their non-dominant eye rather than their dominant eye.To test whether participants performance was impaired when binocular depth cues were removed a t-test was conducted between participants buzz score in the binocular condition and their buzz score when using their dominant eye t (83) = 11.580, p t (83), 13.183, p A significant difference was also found when comparing participants time score in the monocular and binocular condition, t (83) = 7.069, p In order to see how much improvement participants made when using binocular vision rather than monocular vision a ratio was calculated. To do this each condition was divided by one another. The ratios found that in the binocular task participants on average were 1.4 times more quicker at completing the task in the m onocular condition. They also made 2.6 times more errors when using their dominant eye rather than both eyes and made 2.9 times more errors when using their non-dominant eye rather than both eyes.The data file was then divided into males and females in order to test for any gender differences in their performance throughout the study, the pith and standard deviation are shown in table 1 and table 2. To test for any significant difference numerous independent t-test were performed. No significant difference was found when comparing males and females time score when they completed the task using only monocular vision, t (82) = .419, p = .676. Similarly, no significant difference was found between genders time score in the binocular condition t (82) = 1.744, p = .085. Suggesting it took males and females the same amount of time to complete the task.Moreover, there was no gender difference found when comparing participants buzz scores in the binocular condition, t (82) = .961, p = .340 , the dominant eye condition t (82) = .280, p = .780 or the non- dominant eye condition t (82) = 1.047, p = .298. From this we can assume that there was no gender difference in performance throughout the good experiment.Table 1 Mean and standard deviation on how long it took males and females complete the experiment in seconds with monocular and binocular vision.Table 2 Mean and standard deviation of how many times male and female participants came in to contact with the wire in each of the conditions.DiscussionAs results found that performance was consistently enhanced when using binocular vision rather than monocular vision, it supports the hypothesis that an individual skill ability is impaired when depth cues are removed. This is consistent with Read et al (2013) who also found a greater advantage when using binocular vision in terms of the the number of errors made and the time taken to complete the experiment. Similarly, this experiment found that participants took the same a mount of time in completing the experiment, irrespective to whether they used their dominant or non-dominant eye to complete the experiment. However, unlike the results of Read et al (2013) this experiment found a significant difference between participants performance in the non-dominant eye and dominant eye conditions in the amount of times they came into contact with the wire.This difference found between these experiments could be due to the different methodological measures that were use. Read et al (2013), timed how long the participants wire hoop came into contact with the wire whereas in this experiment the amount of times the participant made the spicy buzz was recorded. Measuring the amount of times the participant made the game buzz can be criticised for being subjective. This is because what is classified as one buzz can differ between experimenters or across participants. To minimize the subjectivity of this experiment if it was to be replicated it could adopt methods used in the Read et al (2013) study by timing how long the participant stayed in contact with the wire.Furthermore, where this experiment found that participants were 1.4 times quicker at completing the task when using both eyes rather than one eye, Read et al (2013) found that participants were only 0.3 times faster in their experiment. This suggests that their experiment found a smaller binocular advantage. This difference may be due to the different participants used in these experiments. Read et al (2013) used participants from a large range of ages (seven to eighty-two), whereas this study consisted mainly of young adults. Previous research has found that there may be a difference in brain activity when being shown ocular information, Sutija et al (1990), suggesting that there may be a difference in the visual process individuals go through at different ages. If this study was to be replicated on participants from a variety of age groups, it would allow comparison to be made directly between specific ages, providing a more representative sample.The hunter-gatherer hypothesis proposes that female participants would perform better than male participants in this task as females are arguably better at near-sighted vision. However, results found no significant difference between genders throughout the entire experiment, this is unsupportive on the proposed hypothesis. To test this hypothesis further, an experiment could be conducted which measures males and females performance in tasks which involves recognising a moving object. It would be expected that males would perform better on tasks that involves identifying a moving object. Furthermore, to test the hypothesis, participants performance on a task that involves using far-vision could be tested, again we would expect males to perform better on this task.It could be argued that no gender difference may have been found within this experiment as a results of males and females adapting to modernised society. Males and females now have similar roles within society and so previous hunter-gatherer roles such as hunting for prey are no longer needed. Furthermore, it can be argued that the sample used in this study (students), would be very familiar with the buzz wire game regardless of their gender. Previous exposure to playing this game may have influenced their performance and minimised the gender difference that may have occurred.This study has provided further evidence and supported previous studies in the idea that binocular vision has an advantage over monocular vision. Furthering the understanding in the way in which vision works helps develop further treatment to those who suffer from visual impairments and allows psychologist to develop measures suitable for testing individuals visual capabilities. Learning the importance of binocular cues not only explain vision but provides further information on the link between what we see and a process of the human brain.ReferenceAbramov, I. G. (2012). Sex and vision 1 spatiotemporal resolution. Biology of Sex Differences, 3,1-14.Loftus, A. S.-W. (2004). When two eyes are better than one in prehension monocular viewing and end-point variance. Experimental Brain Research,3,317-327.Olivier I, W. D. (1998). Monocular and binocular vision in one-hand ball catching interocular integration. Journal of Motor Behavior , 10, 343-351.Read, J. B. (2013). The binocular advantage in visuomoter tasks involving tools. iPerception,4, 101-110.Sutija V.G, F. A. (1990). Age and binocular advantage A VEP assessment. Optometry and vision science official publication of the American Academy of Optometry, 2, 111.

Software Development Life Cycle Models

Softwargon Development breeding Cycle ModelsThe Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a conceptual dumbfound utilize in toil management that describes the wooden legs involved in an information rebrinys nurture project from an initial feasibleness airfield through maintenance of the completed application. Various SDLC methodologies ease up been developed to guide the physical processes involved including the waterfall clay sculpture (the original SDLC method), rapid application development (RAD), phrase application development (JAD), the fountain model and the spiral model. Mostly, several models ar combined into nigh sort of hybrid methodology. Documentation is crucial regardless of the eccentric person of model chosen or devised for any application, and is usually d wholeness in parallel with the development process. Some methods work better for specific types of projects, but in the final analysis, the to the highest degree important factor for the success of a project whitethorn be how closely particular propose was followed.This is the most common and true of vitality roll models, also resuscitatered to as a linear-sequential life cycle model. It is in truth simple to understand and use. In a waterfall model, all(prenominal) soma must(prenominal) be completed in its sinlessty before the next cast can begin. At the end of each var., a review takes family to determine if the project is on the right path and whether or non to continue or discard the project. Unlike what I mentioned in the general model, phases do not overlap in a waterfall model.Waterfall Life Cycle ModelAdvantages Simple and easy to use. Easy to manage due to the rigidity of the model each phase has specific deliverables and a review process. Phases be processed and completed one at a time. Works well for itsy-bitsy projects where requirements atomic number 18 really well understood.Disadvantages Ad salutarying telescope during the life cycle can ki ll a project No working bundle is produced until late during the life cycle. amply amounts of try and uncertainty. Poor model for complex and object-oriented projects. Poor model for long and ongoing projects. Poor model where requirements be at a chair to high risk of changing.V-Shaped ModelJust like the waterfall model, the V-Shaped life cycle is a sequential path of exe lop arrive ation of processes. Each phase must be completed before the next phase begins. Testing is emphasized in this model to a great extent so than the waterfall model though. The political campaigning procedures are developed early in the life cycle before any coding is done, during each of the phases preceding capital punishment.Requirements begin the life cycle model just like the waterfall model. Before development is sparked, a arranging test plan is created. The test plan focuses on meeting the functionality specified in the requirements gathering.The upper-level conception phase focuses on constitution architecture and design. An integration test plan is created in this phase as well in send to test the pieces of the software outlines ability to work to furbish upher.The low-level design phase is where the actual software components are designed, and unit tests are created in this phase as well.The implementation phase is, again, where all coding takes place. Once coding is complete, the path of execution continues up the right side of the V where the test plans developed earlier are now put to use.Advantages Simple and easy to use. Each phase has specific deliverables. Higher chance of success over the waterfall model due to the development of test plans early on during the life cycle. Works well for small projects where requirements are easily understood.Disadvantages Very rigid, like the waterfall model. Little flexibility and adjusting scope is difficult and expensive. Software is developed during the implementation phase, so no early prototypes of the softwar e are produced. Model doesnt provide a clear path for problems found during testing phases.Spiral ModelThe spiral model is similar to the incremental model, with to a greater extent emphases placed on risk analysis. The spiral model has four phases Planning, fortune Analysis, Engineering and Evaluation. A software project repeatedly passes through these phases in iterations (called Spirals in this model). The baseline spiral, jumpstarting in the planning phase, requirements are gathered and risk is assessed. Each subsequent spirals varietys on the baseline spiral.Requirements are gathered during the planning phase. In the risk analysis phase, a process is undertaken to identify risk and derail beginnings. A prototype is produced at the end of the risk analysis phase.Software is produced in the engineering phase, along with testing at the end of the phase. The evaluation phase allows the customer to evaluate the output of the project to date before the project continues to the next spiral.In the spiral model, the angular component represents progress, and the radius of the spiral represents cost.Advantages High amount of risk analysis Good for large and mission-critical projects. Software is produced early in the software life cycle.Disadvantages Can be a costly model to use. Risk analysis requires highly specific expertise. Projects success is highly dependent on the risk analysis phase. Doesnt work well for smaller projects.1. The Scope of Life CyclesAs we described in the book The Enterprise Unified Process (EUP) the scope of life cycles can vary dramatically. For example, Figure 1 depicts the Scrum social structure life cycle whereas Figure 2 depicts an extended version of that diagram which covers the full governing body development life cycle (SDLC) and Figure 3 extends that shape up by addressing enterprise-level disciplines via the EUP life cycle. The points that Im trying to exonerate are System development is complicated. Although its comfor ting to think that development is as simple as Figure 1 makes it out to be, the fact is that we know that its not. If you adopt a development process that doesnt actually address the full development cycle then youve adopted little more than consultantware in the end. My experience is that you need to go beyond the construction life cycle of Figure 1 to the full SDLC of Figure 2 (ok, retreat may not be all that critical) if youre to be successful theres more to IT than development. To be successful at IT you must take a multi- ashes, multi-life cycle stage view as depicted in Figure 3. The reality is that organizations have many potential projects in the planning stage (which Ill call cringle -1 in this article), many in development, and many in production.2. Iteration -1 Pre-Project PlanningIteration -1, the pre-Inception phase in the Enterprise Unified Process (EUP), is the pre-project aspects of portfolio management. During this phase you leave alone1. Define the business oppo rtunity. You must consider the bigger business picture and focus on market concerns. This includes exploring how the parvenu functionality forget improve your organizations presence in the market, how it leave alone impact profitability, and how it will impact the people within your organization. This exploration effort should be brief, not all projects will make the initial cut so you notwithstanding want to invest enough effort at this point to get a good gut feel for the business potential. A good strategy is to follow Outside-In Developments focus on identifying the potential stakeholders and their final stages, key information to help identify the scope of the effort.2. Identify a viable for the project. There are several issues to consider when identifying a potential strategy for the project. For example, do you build a new establishment or buy an existing piece of land and modify it? If you decide to build, do you do so onshore or offshore? Will the work be solely don e by your let development team, by a team from a dust integrator (SI), or in partnership with the SI? What development paradigm traditional/waterfall, iterative, or agile will you follow? Will the team be co-located, near-located within the same geographic region, or far-located around the world? As you can invite there are many combinations of strategy available to you, and at this point in time you may only be able to narrow the melt d consume of the possibilities but be forced to leave the final decision to the project team in next iterations.3. Assess the feasibility. During Iteration -1 you will want to do just enough feasibility analysis to determine if it makes sense to invest in the potential project. Depending on the situation you may choose to invest very little effort in considering feasibility, for many musical arrangements just considering these issues for a few minutes is sufficient for now, and for some systems you may choose to invest days if not weeks explor ing feasibility. Many organizations choose to do just a little bit of feasibility analysis during Iteration -1, and then if they decide to fund the project they will invest more effort during Iteration 0. In my experience you need to consider four issues when exploring feasibility economic feasibility, technical feasibility, operational feasibility, and political feasibility. Your feasibility analysis efforts should also produce a list of potential risks and criteria against which to make go/no-go decisions at key milestone points during your project. Remember that agile teams only have a success rate of 72%, compared to 63% for traditional projects, implying that almost 30% of agile projects are considered failures. Therefore you should question the feasibility of the project throughout the life cycle to reduce overall project risk.3. Iteration 0/Warm Up Project InitiationThe first week or so of an agile project is often referred to as Iteration 0 (or Cycle 0) or in The Eclipse Way the Warm Up iteration. Your goal during this period is to initiate the project by1. Garnering initial support and funding for the project. This may have been already achieved via your portfolio management efforts, but realistically at some point somebody is going to ask what are we going to get, how much is it going to cost, and how long is it going to take. You need to be able to provide reasonable, although potentially evolving, answers to these questions if youre going to get permission to work on the project. You may need to justify your project via a feasibility sphere.2. Actively working with stakeholders to initially model the scope of the system. As you see in Figure 5, during Iteration 0 agilists will do some initial requirements modeling with their stakeholders to identify the initial, albeit high-level, requirements for the system. To promote supple stakeholder participation you should use inclusive tools, such as index cards and white boards to do this modeling our g oal is to understand the problem and solution domain, not to create mounds of documentation. The details of these requirements are modeled on a just in time (JIT) basis in model storming sessions during the development cycles.3. Starting to build the team. Although your team will evolve over time, at the beginning of a development project you will need to start identifying key team members and start bringing them onto the team. At this point you will want to have at least one or two senior developers, the project coach/manager, and one or more stakeholder representatives.4. Modeling an initial architecture for the system. Early in the project you need to have at least a general fancy of how youre going to build the system. Is it a mainframe COBOL application? A .Net application? J2EE? Something else? As you see in Figure 5, the developers on the project will get together in a room, often around a whiteboard, discuss and then sketch out a potential architecture for the system. This architecture will probable evolve over time, it will not be very detailed yet (it just needs to be good enough for now), and very little documentation (if any) needs to be written. The goal is to identify an architectural strategy, not write mounds of documentation. You will work through the design details posterior during development cycles in model storming sessions and via TDD.5. Setting up the environment. You need workstations, development tools, a work area, for the team. You dont need access to all of these resources right away, although at the start of the project you will need most of them.6. Estimating the project. Youll need to put together an initial estimate for your agile project based on the initial requirements, the initial architecture, and the skills of your team. This estimate will evolve throughout the project.4. Release Iterations(s) The End GameDuring the release iteration(s), also known as the end game, we transition the system into production. not that for complex systems the end game may prove to be several iterations, although if youve done system and user testing during construction iterations (as indicated by Figure 6) this likely wont be the case. As you can see in Figure 9, there are several important aspects to this effort1. nett testing of the system. Final system and re instillance testing should be performed at this point, although as I pointed out earlier the majority of testing should be done during construction iterations. You may choose to pilot/beta test your system with a subset of the eventual end users. See the Full Life Cycle Object-Oriented Testing (FLOOT) method for more thoughts on testing.2. Rework. There is no value testing the system if you dont plan to act on you find. You may not address all defects, but you should tarry to fix some of them.3. Finalization of any system and user documentation. Some documentation may have been written during construction iterations, but it typically isnt finalized until t he system release itself has been finalized to avoid unnecessary rework Note that documentation is treated like any other requirement it should be costed, prioritized, and created only if stakeholders are uncoerced to invest in it. Agilists believe that if stakeholders are smart enough to earn the money then they must also be smart enough to croak it appropriately.4. Training. We train end users, operations staff, and support staff to work effectively with our system.5. Deploy the system. See my article entitled System Deployment Tips and Techniques.6. Briefly on divers(prenominal) Phases7. feasibleness8. The feasibility study is utilize to determine if the project should get the go-ahead. If the project is to proceed, the feasibility study will produce a project plan and budget estimates for the future stages of development.9. Requirement Analysis and form10. Analysis gathers the requirements for the system. This stage includes a detailed study of the business needs of the org anization. Options for changing the business process may be considered. Design focuses on high level design like, what programs are needed and how are they going to interact, low-level design (how the individual programs are going to work), interface design (what are the interfaces going to look like) and entropy design (what data will be required). During these phases, the softwares overall structure is defined. Analysis and Design are very crucial in the whole development cycle. Any glitch in the design phase could be very expensive to realise in the later stage of the software development. Much care is taken during this phase. The logical system of the product is developed in this phase.11. Implementation12. In this phase the designs are translated into code. Computer programs are written using a conventional programming spoken language or an application generator. Programming tools like Compilers, Interpreters, Debuggers are used to generate the code. Different high level pr ogramming languages like C, C++, Pascal, Java are used for coding. With respect to the type of application, the right programming language is chosen.13. Testing14. In this phase the system is tested. Normally programs are written as a series of individual modules, these subject to separate and detailed test. The system is then tested as a whole. The separate modules are brought together and tested as a complete system. The system is tested to ensure that interfaces amidst modules work (integration testing), the system works on the intended platform and with the expected volume of data (volume testing) and that the system does what the user requires (acceptance/beta testing).15. tending16. Inevitably the system will need maintenance. Software will definitely undergo change once it is delivered to the customer. There are many reasons for the change. Change could happen be curtilage of some unexpected input values into the system. In addition, the changes in the system could directly affect the software operations. The software should be developed to accommodate changes that could happen during the post implementation period.Why an SDLC?When you pay your telephone bill your payment is processed by a system. That system has evolved over many years and continues to evolve in order to meet the changing needs of the business. When the phone company cashes your check that check is also processed by a system which itself is evolving. These two systems are be of manual activities and automated components. They also exist in the context of many other systems with which they must interface.Each system works so well by the piece because it is composed of a rigorous set of businesss which result in well-defined outputs. Regardless of who is doing the task, the result is essentially the same. As staff turnover occurs the system provides persistence to the way of doing business.Each system can interface with the other because the division of activities between the bank a nd the phone company are well defined, as are the interfaces. Thus, no matter which bank the check is drawn on, the process is the same no matter which phone company sends in the check, the process is the same.The precision and completeness of the task lists, the data, the division of responsibilities and the interface definitions are required because of the complexity of these systems. But what about the process that creates and maintains these systems?Software systems development is, from a historical perspective, a very boyish profession.The first official programmer is probably Grace Hopper, working for the Navy in the mid-1940s. More realistically, commercial applications development did not really take off until the early 1960s. These initial efforts are marked by a craftsman-like approach based on what intuitively felt right. Unfortunately, too many programmers had poor intuition.By the late 1960s it had become apparent that a more disciplined approach was required. The soft ware engineering techniques started coming into being. This finally brings us to the SDLC.What evolved from these early activities in improving rigor is an understanding of the scope and complexity of the total development process. It became clear that the process of creating systems required a system to do systems. This is the SDLC. It is the system used to build and maintain software systems.As with the phone billing system, an SDLC system is needed because the development process is composed of many complex tasks which must be done in the right order to produce a successful result. If there is no SDLC each team must reinvent it based on their own experiences and judgments.The complexity of the tasks has led to increased specialization. These specialists (e.g.,data base analysts, network designers, testers) must have well-bounded tasks with well-defined outputs and well-defined interfaces to the rest of the development team. This is provided by the SDLC.Systems also have a long li fe. The billing system and check processing system will probably never be de-automated. These systems will outlive their development teams. As staff turnover occurs, persistency is required in how the systems are supported. This is provided by the SDLC.Another issue is systems integration. Can you imagine if the architects conniving a sky-scraper each had their own ways of creating and documenting the buildings plans? The plumbing, wiring, heating systems, floors, walls, etc., would never come together. Most computer systems interface with other computer systems. The degree of system integration is rapidly increasing. The descriptions of functions and data at the interfaces must be produced and documented in a consistent manner, in much the same way as architects must have a modular way of documenting plans. This is provided by the SDLC.You would not dream of trying to process phone bills or checks without a system due to the complexity of the process, the need for specialization , the need for continuity and theneed to interface to the rest of the world. We have seen here that the process ofdeveloping systems has the same characteristics. Therefore, we need a system to build computer systems the SDLC. arranging digest AND DESIGN1.1 INTRODUCTIONSystems are created to solve problems. One can think of the systems approach as an organized way of dealing with a problem. In this alive(p) world, the subject System Analysis and Design (SAD), mainly deals with the software development activities.1.2 OBJECTIVESAfter going through this lesson, you should be able to define a systemexplain the different phases of system development life cycle enumerate the components of system analysis explain the components of system designing1.3 DEFINING A SYSTEMA collection of components that work together to realize some objectives forms a system. Basically there are three major components in every system, that is to range input, processing and output.1.4 SYSTEM LIFE CYCLESyste m life cycle is an organizational process of developing and main-taining systems. It helps in establishing a system project plan, be-cause it gives overall list of processes and sub-processes required fordeveloping a system.System development life cycle means combination of various activi-ties. In other row we can say that various activities put togetherare referred as system development life cycle. In the System Analy-sis and Design terminology, the system development life cycle alsomeans software development life cycle.Following are the different phases of system development life cyclePreliminary studyFeasibility studyDetailed system studySystem analysisSystem designCodingTestingImplementationMaintenance1.5 PHASES OF SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLEThe different phases and related activities of system development life cycle.(a) Preliminary System StudyPreliminary system study is the first stage of system development life cycle. This is a brief investigation of the system under consi deration and gives a clear picture of what actually the physical system is? In practice, the initial system study involves the preparation of a System Proposal which lists the Problem Definition, Objectives of the Study, Terms of reference for Study, Constraints, Expected benefits of the new system, etc. in the light of the user requirements.The system proposal is prepared by the System Analyst (who studies the system) and places it before the user management. The management may accept the proposal and the cycle proceeds to the next stage. The management may also reject the proposal or request some modifications in the proposal. In summary, we would say that system study phase passes through the following stepsproblem identification and project initiationbackground analysisinference or findings (system proposal)(b) Feasibility StudyIn case the system proposal is acceptable to the management.2 Computer ApplicationsIn a system the different components are connected with each otheran d they are interdependent. For example, human body representsa complete natural system. We are also bound by many nationalsystems such as political system, economic system, educational sys-tem and so forth. The objective of the system demands that someoutput is produced as a result of processing the suitable inputs. Awell-designed system also includes an additional element referredto as control that provides a feedback to achieve desired objectivesof the system.3 Computer ApplicationsNext phase is to examine the feasibility of the system. The feasibility study is basically the test of the proposed system in the light of its workability, meeting users requirements, effective use of resources and of course, the cost effectiveness. These are categorized as technical, operational, economic and catalogue feasibility. The main goal of feasibility study is not to solve the problem but to achieve the scope. In the process of feasibility study, the cost and benefits are estimated with grea ter accuracy to find the Return on Investment (ROI). This also defines the resources needed to complete the de-tailed investigation. The result is a feasibility report submitted to the management. This may be accepted or accepted with modifications or rejected. The system cycle proceeds only if the management accepts it.(c) Detailed System StudyThe detailed investigation of the system is carried out in accordance with the objectives of the proposed system. This involves detailed study of various operations performed by a system and their relationships within and outside the system. During this process, data are put in on the available files, decision points and transactions handled by the present system. Interviews, on-site observation and questionnaire are the tools used for detailed system study. Using the following steps it becomes easy to draw the exact boundary of the new system under considerationKeeping in view the problems and new requirementsWorkout the pros and cons inclu ding new areas of the systemAll the data and the findings must be documented in the form ofdetailed data flow diagrams (DFDs), data dictionary, logical data structures and miniature specification. The main points to be discussed in this stage areSpecification of what the new system is to accomplish based on the user requirements.Functional hierarchy showing the functions to be performed by the new system and their relationship with each other.Functional network, which are similar to function hierarchy but they highlight the functions which are common to more than one procedure.List of attributes of the entities these are the data items whichneed to be held about each entity (record)(d) System AnalysisSystems analysis is a process of collecting actual data, understand the processes involved, identifying problems and recommending feasible suggestions for improving the system functioning. This involves studying the business processes, gathering operational data, understand the informa tion flow, finding out bottlenecks and evolving solutions for overcoming the weaknesses of the system so as to achieve the organizational goals. System Analysis also includes subdividing of complex process involving the entire system, identification of data store and manual processes.The major objectives of systems analysis are to find answers for each business process What is being done, How is it being done, Who is doing it, When is he doing it, Why is it being done and How can it be improved? It is more of a thinking process and involves the creative skills of the System Analyst. It attempts to give birth to a new efficient system that satisfies the current needs of the user and has scope for future growth within the organizational constraints. The result of this process is a logical system design. Systems analysis is an iterative process that continues until a preferred and acceptable solution emerges.(e) System DesignBased on the user requirements and the detailed analysis of t he existing system, the new system must be designed. This is the phase of system designing. It is the most crucial phase in the developments of a system. The logical system design arrived at as a result of systems analysis is converted into physical system design. Normally, the design proceeds in two stagesPreliminary or ecumenical DesignStructured or Detailed DesignPreliminary or General Design In the preliminary or general design, the features of the new system are specified. The costs of implementing these features and the benefits to be derived are estimated.If the project is still considered to be feasible, we move to the detailed design stage.Structured or Detailed Design In the detailed design stage, computer oriented work begins in earnest. At this stage, the design of the system becomes more structured. Structure design is a blueprint of a computer system solution to a given problem.4 Computer Applications alike components and inter-relationships among the same components as the original problem. Input, output, databases, forms, codification schemes and processing specifications are drawn up in detail. In the design stage, the programming language and the hardware and software platform in which the new system will run are also decided.There are several tools and techniques used for describing the system design of the system. These tools and techniques arei. Flowchartii. Data flow diagram (DFD)Data dictionaryStructured EnglishDecision tableDecision treeEach of the above tools for designing will be discussed in detailed inthe next lesson.The system design involvesi. Defining precisely the required system outputii. Determining the data requirement for producing the outputiii. Determining the medium and format of files and databasesiv. Devising processing methods and use of software to produce outputv. Determine the methods of data capture and data inputvi. Designing Input formsvii. Designing Codification Schemesviii. Detailed manual proceduresix. Docum enting the Design(f) CodingThe system design needs to be implemented to make it a workable system. This demands the coding of design into computer understandable language, i.e., programming language. This is also called the programming phase in which the programmer converts the program specifications into computer instructions, which we refer to asprograms. It is an important stage where the defined procedures are transformed into control specifications by the help of a computer language. The programs coordinate the data movements and control the entire process in a system.

Literature Review About Management Information Systems Management Essay

Literature Review About Management tuition bodys Management EssayIn this chapter either of the concepts, theories and methods that are related with the caution Information scheme much(prenominal) as schema, nurture remains and MIS go away be discussed. The concept of educational activityal trouble organisation is as well as well presented. In other sections the concept of EMIS will be considered in the world by especi eachy focusing this concept in Pakistan will be discussed. In final sections of this chapter EMIS of COMSTAS institutes of randomness technology will be discussed. This info will be then act as guideline to analyze the empirical findings of primary selective information.2.1 Management Information clayThere ca-ca been numerous kinds of schemas that engender been positive over the past several years. These selective discipline dusts had overhauled to fulfill the ineluctably and requirements of decision making not only at managerial but also at the operational level. E rattling organization develops its have got trouble information system (MIS) which is totally dep finishent on the personal of necessity of the organizations. Management information system developed for iodine organization is unavailing for other organizations with different requirements (Cassidy and Cresswell, 1997). In the management information system, not only the system itself is eventful but to wank the maximum advantages from the system it is important that the compassionate intelligence, perception and judgment must be powerful and strong enough to get combined with the system information (Thierauf 1984). This faction will grant managers with the extraordinary and valuable tool for the information management in any company (Cassidy and Cresswell, 1997).2.1.1 What is a system?The system is capable of converting the collected data from the routine drug intentionr and machine interactions in to the effective information which later on is us ed by the decision bump offrs to make streamlined decisions. In the management information system, the to the highest degree important entity is system itself which is found of defined and interrelated comp mavinnts which are generally described as all of the direct or indirect complex components or elements that are related in a casual network. Within any particular time period, all of these complex components are related in more than than or less stable way with at least some other components (Thierauf 1984). So a well developed and interactive system is one which provides best and useful information to the managers at all levels.2.1.2 Information system?The best system is one that provides useful information and exploiter interaction at all levels. An information system is a collection of activities, procedures, methods, technology and peoples that are organized to get the valuable related data and information. This system must also be able to store this information until it is demand by the user. It should be capable of data processing and responding to its give the axe user by providing the answers to all set of queries. Information systems should best interacts and communicates with the end user In redact to provide the accurate required information (Knight Silk, 1990).2.1.3 Management Information musical arrangementThe information system which is composed of formalized procedures that screwing provide all of the pertinent withdraw information at all levels to all of the managers is called management information system (MIS). This system uses all of the internal and external resources to provide data and information to the end users which enable them to affect timely decisions that are effective from the directing, planning and controlling stop of view. As a whole this is an streamlined system that stop provide all of the required information to the management at all levels at appropriate times. Management information system is basical ly an affectional combination of human and technology resources that results in data storage, collection, and communication, data retrieval and usage. In managerial trading operations and business planning, these MIS systems play a vital role in business success (Lucey, 1989).In literature, at that place are several definitions of the management information systems (Lucey, 1989, Thierauf, 1984). The system is capable of converting the collected data from the routine user and machine interactions in to the effective information which later on is used by the decision makers to make efficient decisions. The specialized systems that are be used for decision making for the management at all levels are generally known as management information systems (Thierauf, 1984). Information systems are of signifi give the axet importance in any type of organization, generally, it is really im likely for any organization to operate without any discipline of information system. These information systems are developed by focusing the needs and requirements of the particular organization which are unique for every other organization.In the early(a) 1960s, the importance of system designers and administrators gained much importance and athletic geter. In an organization, at the administrative level, management information systems are composed up of the human and machine combination that are used to fulfill the information demands at these levels. In very large organizations, these MIS are also a combination of many interrelated cuneus systems which are sharing the same resources for data and processing. While discussing the concept of MIS in an organization, this activity is considered just as a part of all of the other current activities. This MIS activity is important because it equips the top management with all of the information about the lower management and maintains a c comfortablenessless flow of information throughout the organization. MIS system also facilit ates the owners of the organizations with the general information about the organization. The main advantage of MIS system in an organization is to maintain appropriate information flow that spate be achieved by dividing organizations in to different sub systems with some bear and unique functions. This function integrating of the sub system must be much efficient to make the whole organization as an affective MIS system. By hireing this approach, as presently as all of the needs of the sub systems are achieved, all of the needs of the organization are achieved.In literature, at that place are many characteristics discussed for an effective MIS system (Cassidy and Creswell, 1997). Some of them are listed belowMIS system should be composed of integrated sub systems with the ability of forward and backward looking systems.MIS system should be capable of planning and controlling the clearly defined business activities.MIS system should be capable of generating the traverses tha t bottom help the management at all level in planning and controlling all of their current and expected business activities.MIS system should be able to retrieve the information about the operations control at appropriate time and should allow the transactional data processing.For the timely response, MIS system should have the batch processing as well as interactive operational modes.In order to store the data that is being frequently accessed, MIS system should use all of the data protection procedures that substructure assure to authorize user in more protective way.In order to extract the relative information quickly, MIS system should have appropriate data storage medium like random or direct access storage.In order to generate the meaty and affective output for the ongoing control operations, MIS system should enable the standard and custom made model that must have the storage medium for the online data.2.2 educational Management Information SystemThe revolution in the inf ormation and communication technologies (ICTs) has greatly influenced the life style of whole world. Over the past several years, ICT stem is considered as a symbol for a countrys development. In every way of life, there is a vital role of these Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) by all means to improve the fictional character, standardizing the different stakeholders role and imparting the operating procedures (Ed Crowley, 2003).ICTs has a proven role in the field of medical, business, industry, entertainment, communications but now these technologies has emerge efficient role in education field. In develop countries, especially like Pakistan education sector is one of the core areas that require more attention for the countrys rapid development. The goal of every educational institute is to provide the prime(a) education to all of its students. In these institutes management at all level continuous strives to achieve this aimed goal. Universities are hiring hig hly strung-out professors and equipping their scientific laboratories with latest equipments, adding brisk technologies and books to their libraries. In these educational institutes the concept of digital libraries is also introduced, in classrooms multimedia system projects are installed. The concept of distant learning, different tutorials like web and disk based as well as the concept of audio and visual data to aid lectures is introduced in these institutes. In short, ICTs have played a major significant role for knowledge dissemination among various groups in these educational institutes.In order to get the maximum benefits of the available facilities of hardware and software, it is not enough to just connecting the laboratories with the internet facility but there is lot more in to this. This type of human attitude towards the computer resources propose that there is always a need for some educational intervention to get the possible benefits. The best(p) usage of informat ion and communication technologies (ICTs) can be attained by pedagogic intercessions (Jorge Ferreira Franco et all, 2006). As the issues raises, it starts creating interesting opportunities for the individuals and organizations for improving the individuals understandability and skills. From the educational point of view, it is believed that when the individuals apprehension is challenged and they receive any sort of intellectual or practical support then their productive and creative talents are used which can also be enhanced (Jorge Ferreira Franco et all, 2006).In all this competitive ICTs fit out educational institutes there is much more than the eccentric education that is expected by the students. Students need quality service in all of the required information that is required by them. In order to present their day to day hassles, students needs environment that can facilitate them in every way. Different higher educational institutes are continuously striving to achieve this target. For example when a student require his transcripts by and by drifts finalization then it can take more than a month time when there is conventional system installed in educational institutes. It can take more time because of the limited number of acting staff members that are dealing with the results and transcripts issuing process. There are many other daily issues that can arise every day and this limited number of staff will not be able to prompt instantaneously to all of the students. In order to handle such hectic routine universities used to employee more employees but as its known that increasing manpower can never solve the problem so another solution is required that can cope up with all such issues. There are many activities that can not be handled with simple processing applications and they are also much time consuming but these are simple processes like admission, registration, conduction of examination, keeping track of the employees and students and man aging both employees and students accounts (Marlon Pierce et all, 2002). In order to manage thousands of its students and employees the best effective way is to use the information and communication technologies in more efficient way.educational management system (EMIS) is an example of such an information system that has been developed over past several years to get the maximum benefits from the human and machine interaction to generate the appropriate information. This concept of EMIS has been imported from the business world which represents a system for information processing for educational management. This system is not developed to replace the statistics based system and this system itself is not a statistical system. This system has been developed to handle all data types which may be statistical in nature. An authoritative professional is required to train this data as reliable, verified, authoritative and professionally trained. This authority must be professional and ind ependent entity that must be acceptable by all of the other users in an organization. When an information system is being developed then it is very much necessary to get the tiny and reliable statistics before this system get applied to any sort of management. Information systems are always designed to process valid data into information not the garbage data. In educational management systems, these information systems should address both of the management and statistics in more efficient way and should produce information in an affective format.In literature, there are many definitions and descriptions about the EMIS systems as its being developed over the past several years (EPRD, 1997). Educational management system is a formalized collection of the operational procedures, processes and mutual agreement that are integrated in such a way that it can produce useful information and data for the educational institutes and all of related entities like teachers, students and other man agement at all levels. All of the data relevant to the concerned entities is aggregated, collected and organized, managed and processed which is then disseminated crosswise the organization and is used by the concerned authorities and management at all levels to take the estimable decisions for the educational institutes (EPRD, 1997). EMIS contains all of the relevant information that is required by the educational managers at all levels to support all of their activities.EMIS systems always responds to the consumers for the affective information and serves the needs of end users, therefore it can be said that these information systems are serving on the basis of demand response methodology. In order to get the maximum benefits out of this information system it is very much necessary that the process chain of information management and in the transaction between the end users demand of information and the system response of information delivery, all of the statistics must be update d and reviewed properly. If this whole chain of information management is not properly kept up(p) then there will be no meaningful information from the data aggregation and processing. The system integration is also much important in EMIS to get the best possible outcome from the system because if there will be any problem with the system integration it will results in contradictory information delivery that will make whole EMIS as an irrelevant system.In order to work these EMIS systems up to dated, it is necessary to conduct clients surveys. These surveys will help the educational institutes to cope up with all of the newly raised requirements and then it will give up dated response to its consumers. These surveys will also help to figure out the needs of producers and will generate a user friendly and interpretable services and products accordingly. Educational institutes should also create general sense among the users about the advantages of these EMIS systems that can provi de information for decision making.In order to avoid a total system loss, it is very much important that these EMIS systems should be self sustainable and they must have a back up even if master system will fail to fulfill the requirements of all of its end users. At the very earlier stage of system development it is important to train the individual entities but at the later stage of capacity structure this training is not of much importance.EMIS systems have been employed in many different countries as a big success and there these systems have provided support services and capacity building to the distributed as well as the decentralized statistical functions. There are many specialized functions needed for the EMIS development such as setting the standards, development of application software, quality control, providing technical assistance and training services as well as coordinating annual statistics production. System integration is an important step in EMIS development bec ause all of the loose parts will be combined efficiently can develop an affective system output. Quality control is also of much significance because it can assure quality checks at all levels.In educational institutes, an effective and efficient information management system that should help management at all level for planning, policy making, and management can be developed by adopting roughhewn data collection instruments, by developing data processing software and by adopting all of the procedures for quality control and assurance. Such a developed system can assure the effective process of all of the statistical functions in the institutes. The processes of data collections its entry and verification are all very close to the source. This data is then transmitted as an electronic copy all around the institute. At every level of management, this data is analyzed on the basis of the users requirements which visualise the minimization of inconsistency and task duplications. Suc h a system also plugs the quality, reliability, data validity and effectiveness as well as the end users bliss at all levels.2.3 EMIS in WorldAs discussed above that the concept of educational management information system (EMIS) has been choose by many developed and developing countries over the past several years. In some of the countries, this technique has failed because of ignoring many important entities and critical procedures that were necessary to adopt in order to ensure its success. In these countries, these EMIS were not big success because they forgot that adopting a new technical name, obtaining funds and grants and improper system adaptation never ensure the adaptation of new technology.In developing countries there are some thins listed for increasing the demand for EMIS (Chapman, 1990). They areExplosive growth of Educational SystemThis is the foremost and important trend that pressurized the developing countries to make them adopt EMIS systems. This trend will reflect the growth of population which afterward will show the increased rate of participation. It also puts the wring on the teaching materials and on the stipulation of the qualified teachers and staff. This explosive growth subsequently limited the development of the educational resources and caused the decline in education quality in these developing countries (Chapman Mahlck, 1993).Increased Complexity of Educational SystemAs the educational system has grown explosively in the developing countries, it also results in its complexity. Educational ministry has pursued multiple objective so many different and new course works has been under taken so that education quality can be improved.Increased Financial PressureMany governments are experiencing the increased financial pressure so they need to adopt those resource apportioning procedures that are efficient in longer run.International FundingIn order to attract international funding agencies in the area of education, it is nec essary to provide them with the quantitative data that must show the success and progress of the educational projects. These agencies are pressurizing the developing countries so that they can also justify their own accountability. In developing countries, they are financing only when they get accurate statistics and data that can evaluate their funded projects so they require strict accountability.Low Cost Information technologyAs technology is advancing so it is available at very low cost. In these developing countries, large data amount is being handled by using the low cost advanced information technology.All around the world, there are policies of different organizations to improve the educational systems. UNESCO is also one of the organizations that has strategic objectives in the field of education with their clear policy of improving the quality of education. This policy includes the agenda of improving educational quality through diversification of methods and content, di ffusion, experimentation promotion, dialogue, by adopting best practices, innovation and by information sharing. Information and technology advancement has put the pressure all around the globe to adopt these ICTs in their educational system and tech them to the students. This learning of advanced ICTs is very important to cope up with the challenges of 21st century. UNESCO, in its World educational report discussed some of the fundamental implications that ICTs have for the conventional learning and teaching (UNESCO World Education Report, 1998). In order to meet all of the requirements that are must for the integration of these ICTs in the conventional systems there are some frameworks proposed in different publications (UNESCO World Education Report, 2002). These are fundamental requirements that are identified as the important strategies for the teacher education, for managing the change process in learning, for managing change process in adopting and integration of these ICTs. Technology has become a catalyst that is transforming the learning and whole education systems (UNESCO World Education Report, 1998).Different multimedia projects have been employed that are using the information visualization techniques and are beneficial for the citizens of the far distant countries. In this way, students from the distant countries are also learning new technologies. These multimedia applications are also installed in schools so that students can learn new technologies at the very basic school level. This helped the school community to explore both the real and virtual technologies within the context information and by using the interactive visualize systems (John P. Dougherty et all, 2002).In terms of information technology (IT), there have been substantial discussions for the preparation of the workforce that can work globally. In developing countries, still there are limited resources along with the limited number of professionals that can make best use of thi s IT so the promise to increase the productivity in educational system by the use of IT is still on hold. In order to succeed at any level of life, it is now a must to incorporate these IT in their careers so that the rapid change of the world can be handled (John P. Dougherty et all, 2002).All around the world, these EMIS started as a result of the individual explore projects or as an innovative idea that has been initiated by academic individuals by taking risks that result in the development of the web based initiatives which were not a assoil system. On the other hand, there are now many complete systems that are well planned, institutionally comprehensive and systematically integrated (JC Taylor, 2001). For example, at the University of southerly Queensland, where there is history of distant learning for almost 25years, there the transformation to the IT environment was a natural step. The organization itself as a whole adopted this new move rather than by just adopting by so me individuals. They adopted the web based information and communications technologies at universities and reflect on element of the corporate mission statement i.e. To be a leader in flexible learning and the use of information and communications technologies (JC Taylor, 2001).The word entry has gained much attention in past several years which means door entrance or gate (Winston Dictionar, 2009). In higher educational systems, it is troublesome and risky but is necessary to develop a portal so that the educational system can compete and realize the importance of ICTs. In this way, universities and colleges can get a very clear idea about the benefits of investing on to the enterprise systems, data warehouses and in other information services. By developing their own portals, educational institutes can integrate services, information and other infrastructure so that uniform information will flow all around the institute. Its a big challenge to incorporate higher education and te chnology, same is the case with portal strategy but the result is always beneficial to the organization.2.4 EMIS in PakistanEMIS is not a new field of study, but as we see that now it is receiving more importance around the globe. But in Pakistan in past a few(prenominal) decades EMIS research encircle Basic Primary education System but my research on EMIS in HE of Pakistan is completely new area of research for Pakistan. Also the Educational Organizations are learning new methods of enhancing the efficiency of their organizations, individually and as a whole as a group.In Pakistan, many reforms have been made after the establishment of the Higher Education Commission (HEC). These reforms target the improvement of the quality of the education as well as to generate more resources for the growth of education in the higher education in the country. In Pakistan, the most recent trend is to improve the processes and resources in the universities. In these days, Engineering and Technol ogy programs has created a big hype so majority of the students are taking admission in these areas. Higher Education Commission (HEC) as well as Pakistan Engineering Council (PEC) has set certain critera that universities need to fulfill before offering admissions to students in these areas. This critera required the availability of manpower, certain infrastructure, highly qualified staff, well equipped labs, and quality education process. In order to produce highly qualified and trained staff, HEC is offering certain scholarship and funding schemes so that more qualified manpower can be produced.2.5 COMSATAS Institutes of Technology2.5.1 EMIS in COMSATAS Institutes of TechnologyIn order to standardize the universities much attention is driven to the adaptation of new technologies as well as towards the infrastructure development and improvement of the operating procedures. The criteria of HEC for the higher education institutions is very strict and is based on resource counting, c ollection of performance data and collection of all of the corresponding ratios which are in bottom up manners until the final reports are generated. This evaluation criterion demands the individual appraisal system for each department in the university so that independent and quality information can be elaborated. This whole process will result in enhancing the quality of different operating procedures and processes that are being exercised in the institute and will results in enhancing the university ranking.There are many ways by which this feedback circle can be achieved in the higher educational institutions. It is possible that certain reports and indicators may be widely available all around the campus as soon as they are generated so that effective data is promptly available. At various decision making points, the key personnel can take contiguous corrective action when required by just keeping a sharp eye on these reports. This is significant in a way that it will increa se the awareness in the whole academic community. Whenever administration decides for any required change then all of the standard measures can be taken. The possible measure that can increase the reliability of the feedback loop is to make sure that all of the relevant elements in the institutional information system are readily available. By adopting this technique, all of the entities will be permanently connected and consulted the information all around the institute.Other measure that can be adopted is that all of the old practice that are being performed at different departments can be refined. This process of refinement needs the experience that has already accumulated and it can also take into account the suggestions by all of its users or the involved entities.The intention for the development of the EMIS for COMSATS IIT was to refine most of the activities that were being performed at various levels in different departments of the university. This refinement will be done b y taking in mind all of the accumulated users suggestions and from the experience of the all of the involved entities. In this EMIS, a new service layer has been added that corresponds to the extraction of all of the related derived information. This information is particularly designed to support university management at several levels.2.5.2 COMSATS University Online System (CU-Online)In order to get the advantage of the maximum possible ICT utilization, COMSATS IIT, Pakistan has developed an automated educational management system which is commonly known as CU-Online (Iqbal Saadat et all, 2000). This system has been developed to create an integrated educational system. This system aims to maintain all of the information related to the students, facilitate the employees to access all of the resources related to the curriculum that can help them in lesson planning, examination conduction, results reporting and managing all of the other students and teachers accounts. This system has the capability to report and analyze different data and information for the individual users and embodied users that can help them at all levels to get a broader picture of the whole educational institute and system. This system has been developed with the intention to provide user connectivity everywhere all times as a pure web based application. It provides academic, transactional and administrative access to all its users which results in development of the collaborative campus. In CU-Online system there are four main components that constitute its environment (Iqbal Saadat et all, 2000). They areDataStudent/ParentManagement, capacity, staffHardwareIn this EMIS system, there are various stakeholders like faculty, parents and students and management and staff. Faculty needs this system to plan their lessons and curriculum, for progress report and class assessment. This is a tool by which faculty can communication with parents and students. It also reports the progress towards st udents goals. This EMIS enables the parents and students to keep a check of the progress reports, work assignments. They can also check their work assignments and progress towards their first requirements. Management and staff use this system to achieve all of the staff and student information (Iqbal Saadat et all, 2000). This system has modules for admission, student information system, library, human resource management, course portal, inventory and hardware monitoring and for fee and accounts.In COMSATS IIT, the introduction of ICTs not only automates all of the departments but also facilitates all of the involved entities in the university. Students are getting quality education and they are required many facilitations in different aspects. In order to earn good name to university, management is required to adopt quality procedure and must assure quality at all level of management. While in a university, students can come across many different procedures and problems so this sy stem must facilitate them in every aspect so that they can only concentrate on their studies. as well as staff and faculty members must avoid all of the cumbersome procedures and must only perform their required duties (Iqbal Saadat et all, 2000). All of such facilities must reach to the users with ease on their desktops.

Effects/Origins of Racism :: essays research papers

Today, the United States is respected around the world as an outside(a) business powerho employ, nonorious for a flourishing capitalistic marketplace. However, the very foundation for this commercial capitalist market was rooted in the exploitation of Africans. At first, the first-string use of North American land was to provide the raw materials necessary for the British to produce goods to the end user. The need for cheap laborers soon arose. Europeans filled this debase through the use of free laborersAfrican knuckle downs. Africans were viewed as inferior beings, mere property to be traded and used like a horse or a cow, which gave Europeans the notion that this practice was morally acceptable. At first, only wealthy Europeans could afford the goods produced by the African slave trade however, the goods soon became affordable to the middle crime syndicate and the demand for additional slaves grew rapidly.At the time of the American Revolution, slavery was the very basis fo r the American economy. Most of the countrys industries revolved around and depended upon the use of traded peoples. If not directly using Africans to provide labor, most businesses in America abouthow related to the use of this free labor and all Europeans benefited in some way. Textiles manufacturing was the staple industry during the Industrial Revolution, most of whose raw cotton was grown by enslaved Africans. Those not directly involved in the trade of Africans benefited from the purchase and exchange of products created by the slavery system. The triangular trade emerged, allowing Europe and the American colonies to benefit, while exploiting blacks even further (to gain economically in Africa, one would cause to force part in the trade by providing the laborers). The textile industrys success was based on the use of slave labor, and without it, its questionable whether the U.S. would have become a major industrial power. Sons and grandsons of the earlier traders in slaves and slave-produced products benefited both directly (by becoming captains of the industries fueled by the slave trade) and indirectly (by the intergenerational transference of wealth). Americans not only gained economically, but also in terms of living conditions and life expectancies. Even the educational system (i.e. Brown University) benefited from the profits of the slave trade. Political figures that helped cause the bases for our nations principles and are commonly viewed today as respectable, noble men (such as George Washington and Thomas Jefferson) were able to live their luxurious lifestyles because of their slave ownership.

Compare Romeo And Juliet and Much Ado About Nothing :: comparison compare contrast essays

Compare Romeo And Juliet and Much Ado About zero         There are many similarities between Shakespeares Much Ado About Nothing  and Romeo and Juliet.  Was this wise(p) or Accidental? Even though Much Ado About Nothing is a comedy, and Romeo and Juliet, is one of his saddest tragedies, the two plots share many universal incidents. Did Shakespeare cogitate to have these coincidences or did they happen by accident? In some(prenominal) of his dramatic works, the Masque is a key element furthering the infatuation of the recognizers. withal the balcony scenes in both plays are crucial because without them the plot could never have reached its denouement. It seems that God came into both of the plays in the spirit of the friars, because they had good plans to keep love together.         In both plays, the masque functions as a dramatic device which initiates the love plot. It occurs in a social gathering, but not w ithout the help of costumes. If it were not for costumes the topic of love big businessman have been drastically different. How was the masque used to get devotees together? In the case of Romeo and Juliet, Romeo hears about the masque and decides to go, thinking that he mogul be able to get away with this scheme. Upon entering he sees Juliet and right away, he knows it is love. If he had not worn the costume, the hosts might have ejected him from the party and he might not have met Juliet. Much Ado About Nothing has a similar but also different approach towards love at the masque. In Much Ado, Count Claudio is not able to gather the courage to court wizard. Instead Don Pedro, who is one of Claudios very close friends, offers to go and coquet Hero for his friend. This point is illustrated by Don Pedro for his great plan to get Claudio and Hero together   Thou wilt be like a lover instantly/ And tire the hearer with a book of words. . .. That thou beganst to twist so fine a story? 1 Don Pedros costume allows him to coquette Hero, comprise as Claudio.         Balcony love scenes are familiar from both plays. The love was disparate in each of Shakespeares plays.Compare Romeo And Juliet and Much Ado About Nothing resemblance compare contrast essays Compare Romeo And Juliet and Much Ado About Nothing         There are many similarities between Shakespeares Much Ado About Nothing  and Romeo and Juliet.  Was this Intentional or Accidental? Even though Much Ado About Nothing is a comedy, and Romeo and Juliet, is one of his saddest tragedies, the two plots share many common incidents. Did Shakespeare mean to have these coincidences or did they happen by accident? In both of his dramatic works, the Masque is a key element furthering the infatuation of the lovers. Also the balcony scenes in both plays are crucial because without them the plot could never have reached its denouement . It seems that God came into both of the plays in the spirit of the friars, because they had good plans to keep love together.         In both plays, the masque functions as a dramatic device which initiates the love plot. It occurs in a social gathering, but not without the help of costumes. If it were not for costumes the result of love might have been drastically different. How was the masque used to get lovers together? In the case of Romeo and Juliet, Romeo hears about the masque and decides to go, thinking that he might be able to get away with this scheme. Upon entering he sees Juliet and right away, he knows it is love. If he had not worn the costume, the hosts might have ejected him from the party and he might not have met Juliet. Much Ado About Nothing has a similar but also different approach towards love at the masque. In Much Ado, Count Claudio is not able to gather the courage to court Hero. Instead Don Pedro, who is one of Claudios ve ry close friends, offers to go and woo Hero for his friend. This point is illustrated by Don Pedro for his great plan to get Claudio and Hero together   Thou wilt be like a lover presently/ And tire the hearer with a book of words. . .. That thou beganst to twist so fine a story? 1 Don Pedros costume allows him to woo Hero, posing as Claudio.         Balcony love scenes are familiar from both plays. The love was disparate in each of Shakespeares plays.